Imakethe Yezakhiwo Ezilungisiwe Emhlabeni Wonke Izofinyelela ku-$153.7 Billion ngo-2026. Izindlu ezakhiwe kusengaphambili, izindlu ezakhiwe kusengaphambili yilezo ezakhiwe ngosizo lwezinto zokwakha ezenziwe kusengaphambili.
Lezi zinto zokwakha zilungiswa kusengaphambili endaweni, bese zithuthwa ziyiswe endaweni oyifunayo lapho zihlanganiswa khona. Izindlu ezakhiwe kusengaphambili ziyinhlanganisela yendlu yendabuko kanye nobuchwepheshe. Futhi okungenani u-70% wezakhiwo ezenziwe kusengaphambili zaziwa ngokuthi izindlu ezihleliwe. Lokhu kwenza ukuhlukanisa, ukuthutha kanye nokwakha lezi zindlu kube lula. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlu zendabuko, izindlu ezakhiwe kusengaphambili zishibhile, zizinzile futhi zibukeka kangcono. Izinto zokwakha ezisetshenziswa ekwakheni izindlu ezakhiwe kusengaphambili zihlukaniswa njengezenziwe ngokhonkolo kanye nezensimbi.
Phakathi nenkinga ye-COVID-19, imakethe yomhlaba wonke yeZakhiwo Ezilungisiwe ilinganiselwa ku-US$106.1 Billion ngonyaka ka-2020, kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele usayizi obuyekeziwe wama-US$153.7 Billion ngo-2026.
Imakethe yeZakhiwo Ezilungisiwe e-US ilinganiselwa ku-US$20.2 Billion ngonyaka ka-2021. Izwe njengamanje linesabelo esingu-18.3% emakethe yomhlaba wonke. I-China, umnotho wesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni, kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele usayizi wemakethe olinganiselwa ku-US$38.2 Billion ngonyaka ka-2026 ilandela i-CAGR engu-7.9% phakathi nesikhathi sokuhlaziya. Phakathi kwezinye izimakethe eziphawulekayo zezwe kukhona i-Japan ne-Canada, ngayinye ibikezela ukuthi izokhula ngo-4.9% kanye no-5.1% ngokulandelana phakathi nesikhathi sokuhlaziya. Ngaphakathi kweYurophu, i-Germany ibikezela ukuthi izokhula cishe ngo-5.5% CAGR kanti yonke imakethe yaseYurophu (njengoba kuchaziwe ocwaningweni) izofinyelela ku-US$41.4 Billion ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuhlaziya.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ngo-2021, imakethe yokutshalwa kwezimali kusengaphambili ibilokhu ikhula, futhi umkhakha wezimali uhole futhi walandela okufanayo ezinkampanini zangaphakathi ezakhiwe kusengaphambili eShayina.
Ukuhlaziywa okugunyaziwe okuvela emibuthanweni yokutshalwa kwezimali kanye neyezezimali kukholelwa ukuthi namuhla, lapho izimboni zaseShayina sezingene kuzo zonke izici zomphakathi (njengezimoto ezinesilinganiso sezingxenye nezingxenye ezingaphezu kuka-20,000 sezivele zenziwe izimboni, futhi ngisho nezindawo zokudlela zaseShayina ezinezinqubo zokukhiqiza eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokudla okucebile sezivele zenziwe izimboni ngokugcwele), Umqondo wokuhlobisa ubuchwepheshe - ukuhlobisa okwenziwe kusengaphambili uqashelwa kakhulu yimali, futhi imboni yokuhlobisa ngo-2021 ithuthuka ngokushesha ngokuya ku-Industry 4.0.
Lo mhlobiso omusha wobuchwepheshe bemakethe yolwandle oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (umhlobiso wokuhlanganisa), hhayi nje kuphela ngaphansi kokulindela okukhulu kokubuyiselwa okuzinzile kwamandla emakethe, kodwa futhi nemakethe entsha, izingxenye zemakethe ezisafufusa zilethe amathuba amasha kanye nendawo enkulu yokucabanga ngezimali.
Ingakanani imakethe? Vumela izinombolo zizikhulumele zona:
Kungabonakala ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha ukuthi imboni yokwakha yendabuko isaqhubeka nentuthuko eqinile. Ngesikhathi lapho ukulawulwa kobhubhane lomhlaba wonke kulindeleke ukuthi kuthuthuke ngo-2021 futhi umjikelezo wezomnotho wasekhaya ushesha, izinga lokukhula kwemboni yezindlu yendabuko kulindeleke ukuthi likhange kakhulu.
Yiqiniso, kuzolandela ukungabaza okungenakugwenywa: imakethe inkulu kakhulu futhi izinga lokukhula liyaqhubeka, indlu yendabuko yanamuhla isashisa futhi igagasi alikanciphi, kungani indlu eyakhiwe kusengaphambili iba yindlela eshisa kakhulu embonini? Iyini imbangela ejulile yalokho?
1.Ukuqonda Kwemboni:Abasebenzi Bezimboni Bayehla Unyaka Nonyaka
Ngokusho kwedatha yomphakathi, inani eliphelele labasebenzi abasebenza ezakhiweni zendabuko lenyuke lisuka ezigidini eziyi-11 ngo-2005 laya ezigidini eziyi-16.3 ngo-2016; kodwa kusukela ngo-2017, inani labasebenzi embonini laqala ukwehla. Ekupheleni kuka-2018, inani labasebenzi embonini lafika ku-1,300. Abantu abangaphezu kuka-10,000.
2. Inzuzo yabantu yokuqonda imboni iyanyamalala
Njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingenhla, kungabonakala ukuthi izisebenzi ziyaqhubeka nokuncipha. Zingaki izisebenzi ezizimisele ukungena embonini yokwakha yendabuko esikhathini esizayo? Isimo sibi kakhulu.
Inzuzo yabantu iyancipha ngokusobala unyaka nonyaka, futhi kukhona nenkinga yangempela yokuguga okuqhubekayo kwabasebenzi, futhi ukwakha kwendabuko kuyimboni evamile edinga abasebenzi abaningi.
Emhlobisoni wendabuko omanzi, indawo ngayinye yokuhlobisa iyi-workshop encane yokukhiqiza, futhi ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo incike ebucikweni bezisebenzi zokwakha enqubweni ngayinye efana namanzi, ugesi, ukhuni, amathayela, kanye namafutha.
Kusukela ekuhlobiseni okujwayelekile kakhulu kuya ekuhlobiseni kwe-inthanethi okudonsele ukugxila emakethe eminyakeni embalwa edlule, indlela ukungena kwamakhasimende okumaketha okushintshe ngayo ngempela (kusuka kokungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi kuya ku-inthanethi), kodwa empeleni, inqubo nezixhumanisi zezinsizakalo azizange zishintshe kakhulu. , Inqubo ngayinye isathembele kubasebenzi bendabuko bokwakha, okuthatha isikhathi, inezixhumanisi eziningi, ukwenza izinqumo ezisindayo, kanye nezinqubo ezinde. Lezi zinkinga zezinkinga azikaguqulwa kakhulu.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, isakhiwo esakhiwe ngaphambilini esishintsha ngqo indlela yokukhiqiza sidale imodeli entsha yokukhiqiza kanye nesevisi. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi sizophazamisa kakhulu kangakanani imboni yonke.
3. OkulungisiweisakhiwoInkemba yokuqonda kwemboni ibhekisela ekushintsheni kwemboni
Osomabhizinisi abaningi abahlole izakhiwo zaseJapane ezenziwe ngaphambili kanye nemihlobiso baveze ukuthi iJapane yakha izakhiwo ezenziwe ngaphambili kakhulu futhi ziphelele kakhulu kuneShayina, futhi inezindinganiso ezijwayelekile kakhulu kanye nezinhlelo zokuqalisa ngokwezindinganiso zokwakha kanye nezindinganiso zezinto ezibonakalayo. Njengomphakathi ogugile osendaweni evame ukuzamazama komhlaba, iJapane ibhekene nokwanda kwabantu asebekhulile kanye nokwehla okukhulu kwezisebenzi zezimboni ezivelele kakhulu kunalezo zaseShayina namuhla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eShayina, kusukela ekuqaleni kwentuthuko esheshayo yokukhula kwedolobha ngawo-1990, inani elikhulu labasebenzi abafudukayo liye latheleka edolobheni ukuzohlinzeka ngabasebenzi abashibhile bokuhlobisa izakhiwo. Ngaleso sikhathi, ubuchwepheshe obusetshenzisiwe babusemuva kakhulu, futhi kwakunezinkinga eziningi zekhwalithi, okwaholela ekutheni umqondo wokuthi izinto ezisetshenzisiwe zikhohliwe okwesikhashana.
Kusukela ngo-2012, ngenxa yokwenyuka kwezindleko zabasebenzi kanye nomqondo wokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zezindlu, uhlobo olulungisiwe luye lwasekelwa kakhulu yizinqubomgomo zikazwelonke, futhi intuthuko yemboni iqhubekile nokushisa.
Ngokusho kohlelo lwe-"13th Five-Year Plan" lwe-Project Building Action Plan loMnyango Wezezindlu Nokuthuthukiswa Kwamadolobha Nasemakhaya, ngo-2020, ingxenye yezakhiwo ezenziwe kusengaphambili ezweni izofinyelela ngaphezu kuka-15% wezakhiwo ezintsha. Ngo-2021, izinqubomgomo ezintsha ezengeziwe zizoqhubeka nokwethulwa nokusetshenziswa.
4.Ukuqonda Kwemboni Yini elungiselelwe kusengaphambiliisakhiwo?
Isakhiwo esilungisiwe, esaziwa nangokuthi isakhiwo sezimboni. Ngo-2017, "Izindinganiso Zobuchwepheshe Zezakhiwo Zekhonkrithi Ezilungisiwe" kanye "Nezindinganiso Zobuchwepheshe Zezakhiwo Zesakhiwo Sensimbi Ezilungisiwe" ezamenyezelwa yi-Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development zachaza ngokucacile ukuhlobisa okulungisiwe, okuyi-Indlela yokufaka ehlanganisiwe ebhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwezindlela zokwakha ezomile ukubeka izingxenye zangaphakathi ezikhiqizwe efektri endaweni.
Umhlobiso olungiselelwe kusengaphambili unomcabango wezimboni womklamo ojwayelekile, ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni, ukwakhiwa okulungiselelwe kusengaphambili, kanye nokuxhumanisa okusekelwe olwazini.
(1) Indlela yokwakha eyomile iwukugwema imisebenzi emanzi njengokulevelisha kwe-gypsum putty, ukulevelisha kwe-mortar, kanye nokubopha kwe-mortar okusetshenziswa ezindleleni zokuhlobisa zendabuko, futhi esikhundleni salokho kusetshenziswe ama-bolts e-anchor, izisekelo, izinamathiselo zesakhiwo kanye nezinye izindlela zokufeza isakhiwo sokusekela kanye nokuxhuma.
(2) Ipayipi lihlukaniswe nesakhiwo, okungukuthi imishini kanye nepayipi akungcwatshwanga kusengaphambili esakhiweni sendlu, kodwa kugcwaliswa isikhala esiphakathi kwamaphaneli odonga ayisithupha ezindlu ezenziwe ngaphambili kanye nesakhiwo esisekelayo.
(3) Ukuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye Ukuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye ezenziwe ngokwezifiso kuwukuhlanganisa izingxenye eziningi ezihlakazekile nezinto zokwakha zibe yinto eyodwa ngokuhlinzeka ngokukhiqiza okuthile, nokufeza ukwakhiwa okomile ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa ukusebenza, okulula ukuletha nokuhlanganisa. Ukwenza ngokwezifiso izingxenye kugcizelela ukuthi yize ukuhlobisa okwenziwe kusengaphambili kungumkhiqizo wezimboni, kusadingeka kuhlangatshezwane nokwenza ngokwezifiso komuntu siqu, ukuze kugwenywe ukucutshungulwa kwesibili endaweni.
5.Okulungisiwe kusengaphambiliisakhiwo"yefektri esindayo nendawo elula" yokuqonda imboni
(1) Naka indawo yokuklama nokwakha kusengaphambili.
Ngaphambi kwesigaba sokuklama ukuthuthukisa kakhulu izidingo zamandla okuklama zokuhlanganiswa kwesakhiwo sokwakha kanye nokuhlobisa. I-Building Information Modeling (BIM) iyithuluzi elibalulekile elisizayo lokwakha umklamo ohlanganisiwe. Kumabhizinisi anokuqongelela ubuchwepheshe ku-BIM, azokwazi ukubonakalisa kangcono izinzuzo zawo zokuncintisana emncintiswaneni wemboni yokuhlobisa eyenziwe kusengaphambili.
Ngaphambi kwesigaba sokwakha, ukwakhiwa okuhlanganisiwe nesakhiwo esiyinhloko. Ngendlela yokuhlobisa yendabuko, yonke imisebenzi yokwakha iqedwa endaweni, kuyilapho ukuhlobisa okwenziwe kusengaphambili kuhlukanisa umsebenzi wokwakha wokuqala ube izingxenye ezimbili: ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye zefektri kanye nokufakwa endaweni. Uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela yendabuko.
(2) Izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu
Isakhiwo esenziwe kusengaphambili sihlukanisa isakhiwo sendabuko sibe izingxenye ezahlukahlukene, futhi inkampani yokuhlobisa inikeza izinketho eziningana zengxenye ngayinye, ngaleyo ndlela yakha ukwenziwa komuntu ngamunye ekulinganisweni, ngakho-ke ukukhetha komkhiqizo "kukhulu".
Izingxenye zenziwa efektri futhi zifakwa endaweni kuphela. Ukunemba kokuhlobisa kuthuthukiswa kakhulu, ithonya lezinto ezisetshenziswa ngabantu liyancipha kakhulu, ikhwalithi yokuhlobisa kulula ukuyiqinisekisa, futhi ikhwalithi yezingxenye ingcono futhi ilinganisela kakhudlwana.
(3) Yonke inqubo inempilo futhi imvelo.
Njengezinto zokwakha, izingxenye ezenziwe ngaphambilini zonke zikhiqizwa efektri, akukho msebenzi omanzi ohilelekile, futhi izinto zokwakha zinobungane kakhulu nemvelo futhi zinempilo.
Indawo yokwakha yenzelwe ukufakwa kwezingxenye kuphela, zonke zakhiwe ngokwakhiwa okomile ngaphandle kokucutshungulwa kwesibili. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi sokwakha sifushane kakhulu uma siqhathaniswa nendlela yendabuko. Lokhu kunjalo ekulungisweni kwamahhotela edolobha okuqala nokwesibili, ukulungiswa okusheshayo kwamahhovisi, kanye nokushintshashintsha okukhulu kwezindlu nezindawo zokuhlala. Izici ezinhle eziheha amehlo kakhulu, futhi ngokombono wokusetshenziswa kwekhasimende esikhathini esizayo, uma ukuhlobisa ikhaya nokuvuselelwa kwalo esikhathini esizayo, izinto zokwakha zinobungani nemvelo, ziphilile futhi isivinini sokwakha sisebenza kahle kakhulu, singaba kanjani sithandwa kakhulu kumakhasimende?
6.IUkuqonda kwemboni kubikezela ukuthi usayizi wemakethe uzodlula100ibhiliyonii-USD
Ngokusho kwamamodeli afanele okubala, kulinganiselwa ukuthi isilinganiso semakethe yezakhiwo ezenziwe ngaphambilini yaseShayina sizofinyelela ku-100 billion USD ngo-2025, ngesilinganiso sokukhula kwaminyaka yonke esingu-38.26%.
Usayizi wemakethe udlule ama-USD ayizigidigidi eziyi-100. Njengoba kunomzila wobuchwepheshe obusha omkhulu kangaka, hlobo luni lwenkampani olungenza kangcono kunayo yonke inqubo futhi luhole intuthuko yemboni?
Imboni ngokuvamile ikholelwa ukuthi amabhizinisi amakhulu kuphela ahlanganisiwe ane-amakhono okuklama aphezulu (okungukuthi, amakhono okubeka amazinga kazwelonke, endawo, kanye nemboni), amakhono okuklama kanye ne-R&D, ubuchwepheshe be-BIM, ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye kanye namakhono okuhlinzeka, futhiamakhono okuqeqesha abasebenzi bezimbonikungaba kulo mkhakha. Zivelele endleleni entsha yobuchwepheshe.
Ngokuqondana, izindlu ze-GS zingaphansi kwalolu hlobo lwebhizinisi elihlanganisiwe.
Isikhathi sokuposa: 14-03-22