Ingqalasizinda yezempi ivame ukudingwa ukuthi yenziwe ngezikhathi eziqinile, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima zendawo, kanye nezidingo zokusebenza ezishintshayo. Ukwakhiwa kwendabuko kungabandakanya imijikelezo emide yokuklama kanye nokwakha, izidingo ezinkulu zomsebenzi endaweni, kanye nokuguquguquka okulinganiselwe uma isakhiwo sesiqediwe.
Izakhiwo zezempi ezijwayelekile namakamuziletha okunye. Izingxenye zokwakha zakhiwa endaweni elawulwayo yefektri, zithuthelwe endaweni yephrojekthi, futhi zihlanganiswe zibe yizindawo zokusebenza. Izinhlelo ze-Modular zingahlelwa ukuthi zibe yizindawo zokuhlala, amahhovisi, izikhungo zomyalo, amayunithi ezokwelapha, izindawo zokudlela, izakhiwo zokugcina izinto, kanye nezinye izindawo zokusekela kuye ngephrojekthi.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-modular kunikeza ikhambi elisebenzayo lezisekelo zesikhashana, amaphrojekthi akude, kanye nezindawo ezithuthuka ngokushesha ukuze kuhlinzekwe indawo yokuhlala esebenzayo kanye nokusekela ingqalasizinda ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuguquguquka kokukhula noma ukuqhubeka esikhathini esizayo.
Iyini Ikamu Lezempi Eliyimodeli?
Ikamu lezempi eliyimodeli liyiqoqo elihleliwe lezakhiwo ezilungisiwe eziklanyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngendawo yokuhlala, ukuphatha, kanye nezindawo zokusekela abasebenzi abasebenza endaweni yezempi noma ehlobene nokuzivikela.
Ikamu lezempi eliyimodeli lakhiwe ngamayunithi okwakha amaningana, amiswe ngokwezidingo zokusebenza kwendawo, futhi ahlukile kunekhabhini elithwalwayo. Umklamo ungaba nendawo yokuhlala yabasebenzi, amahhovisi, izindawo zokudlela, amakamelo ezokwelapha, izindawo zokugcina izinto, izakhiwo zokuhlanzeka, kanye nezinye izindawo zokusekela.
Indlela ye-modular ivumela izinhlobo ezahlukene zezakhiwo ukuthi zikhiqizwe ngezinhlelo zesakhiwo ezijwayelekile, kuyilapho ukwakheka kwazo kwangaphakathi, ukuqeda, ukufudumala, kanye nezinsizakalo zokwakha kungashintshwa ukuze kuhambisane nezidingo zephrojekthi.
Lokhu kwenza amakamu ezempi ahambisanayo afanelekele ukusetshenziswa lapho isivinini sokwakha, ikhwalithi yephrojekthi elawulwayo, kanye nokuguquguquka kwesikhathi esizayo kuyizinto ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe.
Ingabe Izakhiwo Eziyimodeli Zingasetshenziswa Ekusetshenzisweni Okusheshayo Emisebenzini Yezempi?
Yebo. Izakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe zingavumela ukuthunyelwa okusheshayo, njengoba umsebenzi omningi wokukhiqiza ungase uqedwe ngaphambi kokuba amamojula afike endaweni yephrojekthi.
Izingxenye zesakhiwo, izinhlelo zodonga, izinto zokuphahla, iminyango, amafasitela, kanye nezinhlelo zangaphakathi ezikhethiwe zingalungiswa kusengaphambili efektri kunokwenza zonke izinqubo zokwakha endaweni. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wesiza ungagxila ezisekelweni, ukufakwa kwamamojula, ukuxhumeka kwezinsizakusebenza, kanye nokufakwa kokugcina.
Inqubo evamile yokusabalalisa ingafaka:
Ukukhiqizwa Kwefektri → Ezokuthutha → Ukulungiswa Kwendawo → Ukufakwa Kwemojula → Ukuxhumeka kwe-MEP → Ukuqaliswa
Uhlelo lwangempela lwephrojekthi luncike enanini lezakhiwo, amabanga okuhamba, izimo zendawo, izidingo zesisekelo, kanye nezinga lokufakwa kwengaphakathi. Kodwa umsebenzi endaweni yokwakha ungancishiswa ngokukhiqizwa kwefektri.
Lokhu kuwusizo ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikude noma lapho ukwakhiwa kwendabuko kungadinga abasebenzi abaningi besikhashana kanye nesikhathi eside sokusebenza kwesiza.
Izakhiwo ezilinganiselwe zingandiswa njengoba izidingo zokuhlala noma zokusekela zikhula. Esikhundleni sokwakha kabusha sonke isakhiwo, amayunithi angangezwa ekamu elikhona.
Ingabe Izakhiwo Eziyi-Modular Zingasetshenziswa Emakamu Ezempi?
Yebo.Izakhiwo ezihlanganisiweingahlelwa njengezindawo zokuhlala zamasosha kanye nendawo yokuhlala yabasebenzi.
Isakhiwo sama-barracks esijwayelekile singaklanywa sibe namakamelo okulala, izindawo ezihlanganyelwayo, izindlu zangasese, izindawo zokugcina izinto kanye nezinye izinsiza ngokuya ngemodeli yokuhlala edingekayo. Izakhiwo ezahlukene zamakamelo zingasetshenziswa endaweni yokuhlala yomuntu ngamunye, indawo yokuhlala ehlanganyelwayo noma amalungiselelo ezindlu ezinkulu zabasebenzi.
Ama-barracks ajwayelekile ajwayelekile angafaka:
• Amakamelo okulala abasebenzi
• Indawo yokuhlala yamaphoyisa
• Amagumbi okugeza kanye namagumbi okugeza ·
• Izindawo zokugcina izinto
• Amakamelo avamile
• Izindawo zokudlela noma zokupheka
• Izindawo zokuphatha
Inzuzo enkulu ukuguquguquka kokucushwa. Izakhiwo zokuhlala zingakhiqizwa ngokuya ngomthamo odingekayo bese zihlanganiswa nezinye izakhiwo ezijwayelekile ukuze kwakhiwe ikamu eliphelele.
Kumaphrojekthi anezidingo zabasebenzi ezishintshayo, amayunithi okuhlala engeziwe angafakwa njengoba indawo ithuthuka.
Izinhlobo Zezakhiwo Zezempi Ezijwayelekile
Indawo yokuhlala ngokuvamile ayanele ekamu elisebenzayo lezempi. Ukwakhiwa kwe-modular kunganikeza izinhlobo ezahlukene zezakhiwo ezisebenza ndawonye njengendawo ehlanganisiwe.
Ama-Modular Military Barracks
Amakamu ezempi asetshenziswa njengendawo yokuhlala abasebenzi ezindaweni zekamu zesikhashana noma ezihlala unomphela.
Izakhiwo zamakamelo zingaklanywa ngokwenani labantu abahlala kuzo, izinga lobumfihlo kanye nezinsiza ezidingekayo. Isimo sezulu sendawo singaba yisisekelo sokukhethwa kwezinhlelo zodonga ezifakwe umswakama kanye nezimvilophu zokwakha ezifanele.
Kumaphrojekthi amakhulu, izakhiwo eziningana ze-barrack zingahlanganiswa zibe yizindawo zokuhlala ezihlukene, ezixhunywe yimigwaqo yangaphakathi kanye nemizila yabahamba ngezinyawo.
Amahhovisi Ezempi
Abasebenzi basekamu abasebenza emahhovisi ezempi basebenza ezindaweni zokuphatha nezokusebenza.
Izakhiwo zamahhovisi ezihlanganisiwe zingafakelwa amahhovisi ngamanye, amakamelo emihlangano, izindawo zokwamukela izivakashi, amakamelo okugcina izinto, kanye nezindawo zokusebenza ezihlanganyelwe kuye ngezidingo zephrojekthi.
Izakhiwo ngokwazo zisekelwe kumayunithi e-modular, ngakho-ke njengoba iphrojekthi ithuthuka, amamojula noma izakhiwo ezengeziwe zingangezwa ukwandisa umthamo wehhovisi.
Izikhungo Zomyalo
Izakhiwo ezisebenzayo kanye nezinsizakalo zokwakha ezithembekile ziyadingeka ezindaweni zokulawula nokuxhumanisa.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-modular kungasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo ezinikezelwe zomyalo ezinamahhovisi, izindawo zokuhlangana, namakamelo okuxhumana, kanye nezindawo ezisekelayo. Ukuhlelwa kwangaphakathi kungashintshwa ukuze kuhambisane nezidingo zokusebenza zephrojekthi.
Imininingwane yesakhiwo kumele ithuthukiswe ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso zephrojekthi kanye nemithethonqubo esebenza ezidingweni ezithile zobuchwepheshe noma zokuphepha zephrojekthi.
Izikhungo Zezempilo
Izikhungo zezokwelapha zingafakwa ekamu lezempi eliyimodeli, zinikeze usizo lokuqala, ukubonisana, ukwelashwa, kanye nemisebenzi yokunakekelwa kwempilo eyisisekelo.
Kuye ngesicelo, isakhiwo sezokwelapha esijwayelekile singaba namakamelo okubonisana, izindawo zokwelapha, izindawo zokulinda, amakamelo abasebenzi, indawo yokugcina izinto kanye nezindawo zokuhlanzeka.
Ifomethi ye-modular ifaneleka futhi ezimweni lapho umthamo wezempilo udinga ukwengezwa noma ukwandiswa ngaphandle kokwakha isakhiwo esivamile esisha ngokuphelele.
Izindawo Zokudla Nezokudlela
Izakhiwo Zokudlela: Izakhiwo zokudlela zisetshenziselwa ukuhlala kwansuku zonke kwabasebenzi kanye nabaphathi babo ekamu.
Indawo yokudlela esezingeni eliphakathi ingaba nekhishi, indawo yokulungiselela ukudla, ihholo lokudlela, indawo yokugcina izinto kanye nezindawo zokuhlanza ezisekelayo. Ubukhulu kanye nokuhlelwa kwangaphakathi kungashintshwa kuye ngenani labasebenzi abakhonzwayo.
Emakamu amakhulu, amamojula ahlukene ekhishini kanye nezindawo zokudlela angahlanganiswa ndawonye ukuze kudalwe ilungiselelo lokupheka elisebenza kahle kakhulu.
Izakhiwo Zesitoreji
Izindawo zokugcina impahla ziyingxenye ebalulekile yengqalasizinda yekamu.
Izakhiwo zokugcina izinto ezihlanganisiwe zingaklanywa ukuze zisetshenziswe njengezinto ezijwayelekile, imishini, izinto zokulungisa, nezinye izinto ezingazweli. Usayizi kanye nokwakheka kwangaphakathi kungalungiswa kumthamo wokugcina odingekayo.
Uma imisebenzi eminingi yokugcina izinto idinga ukuhlukaniswa, izakhiwo eziningi ze-modular zingahlanganiswa ezindaweni ezinikezelwe zokusekela.
Izikhungo Zezempilo Nezokuhlanzeka
Izindawo zokugeza, amashawa, neminye imisebenzi ehlobene nokuhlanzeka kwabasebenzi, okuhlanganisa nezindawo zokuhlanzeka.
Izakhiwo zangasese ezijwayelekile zingase zibe seduze nezindawo zokulala, zokudlela kanye nezinye izindawo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu. Izinhlelo zokufaka amapayipi kanye nokukhipha amanzi zingahlanganiswa ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo futhi zixhunywe nengqalasizinda yezinsizakusebenza yendawo.
Umklamo Wekamu Lezempi Eliyimodeli
Ukuhlelwa okuhle kwekamu lezempi kufanele kube okungaphezu nje kokubeka izakhiwo endaweni etholakalayo. Indawo yokuhlala, ukuphathwa, izinsiza zokusekela, imizila yokungena, kanye nezinsizakusebenza kumele kubekwe ngokuhambisana nezidingo zokusebenza kwendawo.
Isakhiwo esijwayelekile sihlukaniswe ngezindawo eziningana ezisebenzayo:
Indawo Yeholide
Inama-barracks ajwayelekile, izindlu zangasese, izindawo zokuzijabulisa, kanye nezinye izikhungo zabasebenzi.
Indawo Yokuphatha
Iqukethe amahhovisi, amakamelo emihlangano, kanye nezindawo zokulawula.
Indawo Yesevisi
Kuhlanganisa amakhishi, izindawo zokudlela, izakhiwo zokugcina izinto, izindawo zokulungisa izinto, kanye nezindawo zikagesi.
Usekelo kanye Nendawo Yezokwelapha
Kufaka phakathi izikhungo zezokwelapha kanye nezinye izakhiwo zokusekela abasebenzi njengoba kudingeka.
Ukuhlelwa kokugcina kuncike ngobukhulu bendawo, indawo, izimo zokufinyelela, umthamo wendawo yokuhlala, imithetho yendawo, kanye nezidingo zephrojekthi.
Kumaphrojekthi amakhulu ekamu elihlanganisiwe, ukwakheka kufanele kucatshangelwe ekuqaleni kwesigaba sokuklama ukuze ukubekwa kwesakhiwo, imizila yezokuthutha, ukuxhumana kwezinsizakusebenza, kanye nokwandiswa kwesikhathi esizayo kuhlanganiswe kahle.
Kungani Kudingeka Izakhiwo Zezempi Eziyimodeli?
Ukwakhiwa kwe-modular akugcini nje ngokufakwa okusheshayo. Kunikeza inhlanganisela yokulawula ukukhiqiza, izingxenye ezijwayelekile, kanye nokuguquguquka kwesakhiwo.
Ukwakhiwa Kwesiza Okusheshayo
Ukukhiqizwa kwefektri kunciphisa inani lomsebenzi wokwakha nowokuqeda okufanele wenziwe endaweni. Lokhu kungasiza ekunciphiseni isikhathi sokwakha, ikakhulukazi kumaphrojekthi anezakhiwo eziningi ezijwayelekile.
Fkulula ukuyiqonda Ukucushwa
Izakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe zingashintshwa ukuze zisetshenziswe kuzo zonke izinhlobo, kusukela ezindaweni zokuhlala nasemahhovisi kuya ezindaweni zokudlela, ezokwelapha kanye nezindawo zokugcina izinto.
Ukwakhiwa Kwekamu Elikwazi Ukukhula
Ikamu elihleliwe lingafakwa kancane kancane. Izakhiwo ezengeziwe zingangezwa uma kunesidingo sabasebenzi abengeziwe noma ngezizathu zokusebenza.
Amandla Okuthutha
Izakhiwo ezithile ezihleliwe zenzelwe ukususwa bese zithuthelwa kwenye indawo njengoba izidingo zishintsha kuphrojekthi, ngakho-ke ziyindlela enhle yezakhiwo zesikhashana noma ezingathuthwa.
Ukulawulwa Kokukhiqiza
Ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye zesakhiwo kanye nezinto zokwakha efektri kuvumela izimo ezilawulwayo eziqinisekisa ukufana kwezindinganiso zokukhiqiza kumaphrojekthi amakhulu.
Ukuguquguquka kwezimo zezulu ezahlukahlukene
Imininingwane yodonga, uphahla, kanye nokufakwa kokushisa ingakhethwa ngokusekelwe endaweni yasendaweni. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kumaphrojekthi asezindaweni ezishisayo, ezibandayo, ezinomswakama, noma ezinomoya omkhulu.
Inqubo Yokwakhiwa Kwekamu Lezempi Eliyi-Modular
Umqondo ojwayelekile wephrojekthi ejwayelekile yekamu lezempi elijwayelekile awukona nje ukuletha izakhiwo ezilungisiwe endaweni ethile.
1. Imininingwane yephrojekthi
Ithimba lephrojekthi linquma inani lamakamelo, imisebenzi yesakhiwo, indawo yesakhiwo, izimo zezulu, izakhiwo ezidingekayo, kanye nesimiso sokwakha esilindelekile.
2. Umklamo kanye nokwakheka
Izakhiwo zitholakala ngokusekelwe emisebenzini edingekayo ekamu. Ukufinyelela kwezokuthutha, izinsiza, amanzi angcolile, ukuphepha komlilo, kanye nokwandiswa kwesikhathi esizayo nakho kuyacatshangelwa esigabeni sokuklama.
3. Ukukhiqizwa Kwezitshalo
Yakha izakhi zesakhiwo ezifana nohlaka lwesakhiwo, amaphaneli odonga, izakhi zophahla, nezinye izakhi zesakhiwo ngokuhambisana nemigomo evunyiwe.
4. Ezokuthutha
Izingxenye noma amamojula aqediwe alethwa endaweni yephrojekthi. Izinhlelo zokupakisha kanye nezinhlelo zokulayisha zakhiwe ngokwezimo zokuguquguquka ezikhethiwe kanye nezimo zokuhamba.
5.Ukulungiswa kwendawo
Ngaphambi kokufakwa kwesakhiwo, imigwaqo yokungena, izisekelo, amanzi angcolile kanye nezinsizakalo ziyaqedwa.
6. Indluukufakwa
Izakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe zakhiwa futhi zihlanganiswe phezu kwesisekelo esivele sikhona. Bese kuba khona izinsizakalo zikagesi, amapayipi, kanye nezinye izakhiwo.
7. Ukwamukelwa Nokuhlolwa.
Izakhiwo ziyahlolwa, futhi izinsizakalo zokwakha ziyaqaliswa. Izakhiwo zilungiselelwa ukusetshenziswa.
Isikhathi kanye nenqubo kuzoncika kusayizi wephrojekthi, izimo zendawo, imininingwane yesakhiwo, kanye nezidingo zendawo.
Kubiza Malini Isakhiwo Sezempi Esijwayelekile?
Akukho ntengo eyodwa yesakhiwo sezempi esijwayelekile ngoba izindleko zephrojekthi zincike ezicini zesakhiwo kanye nezimo zesiza.
Izindleko ezibangela lokhu kuhlanganisa:
• Inani nosayizi wezakhiwo
• Imininingwane yokuvikela ukushisa kanye nesakhiwo
• Ukuqedwa kwangaphakathi
• Izinhlelo zikagesi kanye namapayipi
• IDörren, Fenster
• Ifenisha nezinto zokufakelwa
• Ibanga lezokuthutha
• Izidingo zezisekelo
• Ukuhlanza indawo
• Izimo zokufakwa
• Izindinganiso zendawo zabasebenzi kanye nomthethonqubo
Umthamo wendawo yokuhlala kanye nenani lezindawo ezisekelayo kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ezindlekweni zephrojekthi iyonke yekamu lezempi eliphelele.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ikhotheshini esekelwe kuphrojekthi ivame ukuba usizo kakhulu kunentengo ejwayelekile yeyunithi. Uma ungacacisa izinhlobo zesakhiwo ozidingayo, inani elilinganiselwe, indawo yephrojekthi, kanye neshejuli yokulethwa elindelekile, umenzi angenza isiphakamiso esinembile kakhudlwana.
Umkhiqizi Wezakhiwo Zezempi Ezihlanganisiwe-Izindlu ze-GS
Ukukhetha umenzi ofanele kubalulekile kumaphrojekthi amakhulu ekamu lama-modular ngoba umhlinzeki angase abe nesibopho sokungaphezu kokukhiqizwa kwezakhiwo ngazinye.
I-GS Housing inikeza izixazululo zokwakha ezihlanganisiwe zezindawo zokuhlala, amahhovisi, amakamu kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zokwakha ezenziwe kusengaphambili. Uhlelo lwayo lokukhiqiza lusekela ukukhiqiza okujwayelekile ngenkathi luvumela ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ukuthi kuhambisane nezidingo zephrojekthi.
Kuphrojekthi yekamu lezempi eliyi-modular, umhlinzeki angabandakanyeka ezigabeni ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa:
• Ukucushwa kwesakhiwo
• Ukuhlela ukwakheka
• Ukukhetha izinto kanye nemininingwane
• Ukukhiqizwa kwefektri
• Ikhwalithi yokulawula
• Ukuhlanganiswa kwezokuthutha
• Usekelo lokufakwa
Kumaphrojekthi aphesheya, umenzi kufanele futhi acabangele izidingo zesakhiwo sezwe oya kulo, isimo sezulu, izimo zokuhamba, kanye nendawo yokufaka.
Ngakho-ke, ikhambi lokwakha amasosha elifanele kakhulu lincike kuphrojekthi yangempela kunokuba kube yimodeli eyodwa yokwakha ejwayelekile.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Iyini ikamu lezempi eliyi-modular?
Ikamu lezempi eliyi-modular liyiqembu lezakhiwo ezenziwe kusengaphambili ezihlinzeka ngendawo yokuhlala, ukuphatha, kanye nezindawo zokusekela abasebenzi endaweni yezempi noma ehlobene nokuzivikela.
Ingabe izakhiwo ezihleliwe zingafakwa ngokushesha emisebenzini yezempi?
Yebo. Ukusetshenziswa komkhiqizo wasefektri kuvumela ukuthi kukhiqizwe izingxenye eziningi zokwakha ngaphambi kokufika endaweni yephrojekthi. Lokhu kunciphisa inani lomsebenzi wokwakha okumele wenziwe endaweni. Isikhathi sangempela sokufaka sincike kusayizi wephrojekthi, ukulungiswa kwendawo, ukuthuthwa, kanye nezidingo zokufakwa.
Ingabe izakhiwo ezisetshenziswayo zingasetshenziselwa amakamu ezempi?
Yebo. Izakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe zingasetshenziswa ukwakha ama-barracks anamakamelo okulala, izindlu zangasese, amagumbi okugcina izinto, kanye nezindawo ezivamile. Amayunithi angahlanganiswa ndawonye ukuze akhe izindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu.
Yiziphi izakhiwo ezakha ikamu lezempi eliyi-modular?
Kuye ngezidingo zephrojekthi, ikamu elihlanganisiwe lingahlanganisa ama-barracks, amahhovisi, izikhungo zokulawula, izikhungo zezokwelapha, izakhiwo zokudlela, izakhiwo zokugcina izinto, izikhungo zangasese kanye nezinye izakhiwo zokusekela.
Malini isakhiwo sezempi esijwayelekile?
Izindleko zizoncika ngobukhulu besakhiwo, imininingwane, ukulungiswa kwangaphakathi, izinsiza, ezokuthutha, ukufakwa, kanye nezimo zendawo. Sincoma isilinganiso esithile sephrojekthi ukuze kuhlelwe isabelomali esinembile.
Ingabe izakhiwo zempi ezisezingeni eliphansi ziyathwalwa?
Kuye ngohlelo lwesakhiwo, ukwakheka kwesisekelo, kanye nezidingo zephrojekthi, ezinye izinhlelo zokwakha ezihlanganisiwe zingasuswa futhi zithuthwe.
Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukwakha ikamu lezempi eliyi-modular?
Uhlelo lusekelwe enanini lezakhiwo, ukulungiswa kwendawo, ukuthuthwa, ukufakwa, kanye nemininingwane yesakhiwo. Ukukhiqizwa kwefektri kungasho umsebenzi omncane odingekayo endaweni kunokwakhiwa kwendabuko.
Ingabe i-GS Housing ingaklama ikamu lezempi eliyimodeli ephelele?
I-GS Housing ingasiza ngamaphrojekthi okwakha ahambisanayo ngokuhlelwa kwesakhiwo, ukuhlela ukwakheka, ukukhiqiza, kanye nokuxhumanisa amaphrojekthi. Ububanzi bokugcina bunqunywa yizidingo zephrojekthi ngayinye.
Ufuna Ikamu Lezempi Eliyimodeli Lephrojekthi Yakho?
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi udinga ama-modular bark, amahhovisi ezempi, izikhungo zomyalo noma ikhambi eliphelele lekamu, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kufanele kuqondiswe umthamo wendawo yakho yokuhlala, izimo zendawo kanye nohlelo lwephrojekthi.
Tshela i-GS Housing indawo yephrojekthi yakho, uhlobo lwesakhiwo, inani elilinganisiwe kanye nomthamo wendawo yokuhlala odingekayo ukuze uxoxe ngesisombululo esifanele sesakhiwo se-modular kanye nesilinganiso esisekelwe kuphrojekthi.
Isikhathi sokuposa: 16-03-26