Kule ntwasahlobo, ubhubhane lwe-covid 19 luphinde lwanda ezifundazweni nasemadolobheni amaningi, isibhedlela sokukhosela esizimele, esake sakhuthazwa njengolwazi emhlabeni wonke, siqala ukwakhiwa okukhulu kakhulu ngemuva kokuvalwa kwezibhedlela zokukhosela ezizimele zaseWuhan Leishenshan naseHuoshenshan.
IKhomishini Yezempilo Kazwelonke (i-NHS) ithe kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kunezibhedlela zokukhosela ezihlanganisiwe ezimbili kuya kwezintathu esifundazweni ngasinye. Ngisho noma isibhedlela sokukhosela esihlanganisiwe singakakhiwa, kumele sibe nohlelo lokwakha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi okudingekayo ngokushesha - izibhedlela zesikhashana zingakhiwa futhi ziqedwe zingakapheli izinsuku ezimbili.
UJiao Yahui, umqondisi we-NHC's Medical Administration Bureau uthe engqungqutheleni yabezindaba ebibanjwe yi-Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism ye-State Council ngoMashi 22 ukuthi okwamanje kunezibhedlela zokukhosela ezingama-33 ezakhiwe noma ezisakhiwa; izibhedlela ezingama-20 ezakhiwe kanti eziyi-13 zisakhiwa, kanye nemibhede engama-35,000 iyonke. Lezi zibhedlela zesikhashana zigxile kakhulu eJilin, eShandong, eYunnan, eHebei, eFujian, eLiaoning ...
Isibhedlela sokukhosela se-modular saseChangchun
Isibhedlela sesikhashana siyisibonelo esihle sokwakhiwa kwesikhashana, isikhathi sokwakhiwa kwesibhedlela sesikhashana ngokuvamile asidluli isonto elilodwa kusukela ekwakhiweni kuya ekulethweni kokugcina.
Izibhedlela zesikhashana zidlala indima njengebhuloho phakathi kokuhlukaniswa ekhaya nokuya ezibhedlela ezikhethiwe, futhi zigwema ukuchitha izinsiza zezokwelapha.
Ngo-2020, kwakhiwa izibhedlela zokukhosela eziyi-16 ezihlanganisiwe zingakapheli amasonto ama-3 eWuhan, futhi zelapha iziguli ezingaba ngu-12,000 ngenyanga, futhi zathola ukuthi azikho iziguli ezishonile kanye nokutheleleka kwabasebenzi bezokwelapha. Ukusetshenziswa kwezibhedlela zesikhashana kuye kwalethwa e-United States, eJalimane, e-Italy, eSpain nakwamanye amazwe.
Isibhedlela sesikhashana esiguqulwe saba yiNew York Convention and Exhibition Center (Umthombo: Dezeen)
Isibhedlela sesikhashana esiguqulwe saba yiBerlin Airport eJalimane (Umthombo: Dezeen)
Kusukela ematendeni enkathini yokuzulazula kuya ezindlini ezakhiwe kusengaphambili ezingabonakala yonke indawo, kuya ezibhedlela zesikhashana ezidlala indima ebalulekile enkingeni yedolobha namuhla, izakhiwo zesikhashana zidlale indima ebalulekile emlandweni wesintu.
Umsebenzi omele isikhathi senguquko yezimboni "iLondon Crystal Palace" uyisakhiwo sokuqala sesikhashana esinokubaluleka kwe-trans-epoch. I-pavilion enkulu yesikhashana e-World Expo yakhiwe ngokuphelele ngensimbi nengilazi. Kwathatha isikhathi esingaphansi kwezinyanga ezingu-9 ukuqeda. Ngemva kokuphela, yahlakazwa yathuthwa yayiswa kwenye indawo, futhi ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kwafezwa ngempumelelo.
ICrystal Palace, e-UK (Umthombo: Baidu)
I-Takara Beautilion pavilion yomklami waseJapan uNoriaki Kurokawa e-World Expo ka-1970 e-Osaka, eJapane, yayinezimbobo eziyisikwele ezingasuswa noma zisuswe esiqwini sensimbi esiphambene, okubonisa isinyathelo esikhulu esiya phambili enkambisweni yokwakha yesikhashana.
I-Takara Beautilion pavilion (Umthombo: Archdaily)
Namuhla, izakhiwo zesikhashana ezingakhiwa ngokushesha zidlala indima ebalulekile kukho konke kusukela ezindlini zokufakwa kwesikhashana kuya esiteji sesikhashana, kusukela ezikhungweni zokusiza eziphuthumayo, ezindaweni zemidlalo yomculo kuya ezindaweni zokubonisa.
01 Uma kuvela inhlekelele, izakhiwo zesikhashana ziyizindawo zokukhosela zomzimba nomoya
Izinhlekelele zemvelo ezinkulu azibikezeleki, futhi abantu bayasuswa ngokungenakugwenywa yizo. Lapho bebhekene nezinhlekelele zemvelo nezenziwe ngumuntu, ukwakheka kwesikhashana akulula kangako njengokuhlakanipha okusheshayo, lapho singabona khona ukuhlakanipha kokulungiselela usuku lwemvula kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi kanye nokunakekelwa kobuntu ngemuva komklamo.
Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe, umakhi wezakhiwo waseJapan uShigeru Ban wagxila ekufundweni kwezakhiwo zesikhashana, esebenzisa amapayipi ephepha ukudala izindawo zokukhosela zesikhashana ezinobungani nemvelo futhi eziqinile. Kusukela ngawo-1990, izakhiwo zakhe zephepha zingabonakala ngemuva kwempi yombango yaseRwanda e-Afrika, ukuzamazama komhlaba eKobe eJapan, ukuzamazama komhlaba eWenchuan eShayina, ukuzamazama komhlaba eHaiti, itsunami enyakatho yeJapan nezinye izinhlekelele. Ngaphezu kwezindlu zokuguquka kwenhlekelele, waze wakha nezikole namasonto ngephepha, ukuze akhe indawo yokuhlala engokomoya yezisulu. Ngo-2014, uBan wawina uMklomelo wePritzker weZakhiwo.
Indlu yesikhashana ngemva kweNhlekelele eSri Lanka (Umthombo: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Ukwakhiwa kwesikole sesikhashana seChengdu Hualin Primary School (Umthombo: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
ISonto Lamaphepha LaseNew Zealand (Umthombo: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Endabeni ye-COVID-19, uBan uphinde waletha umklamo omuhle kakhulu. Indawo yokuhlukaniswa ingakhiwa ngokuhlanganisa amashubhu ephepha nephepha angahlukanisa igciwane, kanye nezici ezingabizi kakhulu, okulula ukuzisebenzisa futhi okulula ukuzakha. Lo mkhiqizo usetshenziswe njengesikhungo sokugoma sesikhashana, ukuhlukaniswa kanye nendawo yokukhosela e-ishikawa, eNara nakwezinye izindawo eJapane.
(Umthombo: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Ngaphezu kobuchwepheshe bakhe ngamapayipi ephepha, uBan uvame ukusebenzisa izitsha ezenziwe ngomumo ukwakha izakhiwo. Wasebenzisa izitsha eziningana ukwakha indlu yesikhashana yemindeni engu-188 yezisulu zaseJapan, okuwukuhlolwa kokwakhiwa kwezitsha ezinkulu. Izitsha zibekwa ezindaweni ezahlukene ngamakhreyini futhi zixhunywe ngama-twistlocks.
Ngokusekelwe kulezi zilinganiso zezimboni, izindlu zesikhashana zingakhiwa ngokushesha ngesikhathi esifushane futhi zibe nokusebenza okuhle kokuzamazama komhlaba.
(Umthombo: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Kukhona futhi imizamo eminingi yabakhi bezakhiwo baseShayina yokwakha izakhiwo zesikhashana ngemva kwezinhlekelele.
Ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba "5.12", umakhi wezakhiwo uZhu Jingxiang ethempelini elibhidlikile laseSichuan primary site ukwakha isikole samabanga aphansi, isikole esisha sihlanganisa indawo engamamitha-skwele angu-450, ithempeli labantu bendawo, kanye nezisebenzi zokuzithandela ezingaphezu kuka-30 zakha, isakhiwo somzimba oyinhloko SISEBENZISA i-keel yensimbi elula, ukugcwalisa ishidi elihlanganisiwe kwenza imvilophu futhi sinomphumela wokuqinisa isakhiwo sonke, singamelana nokuzamazama komhlaba okungu-10. Izinto zokuvala ukushisa kanye nokugcina ukushisa zisetshenziswa kanye nokwakhiwa kwezitezi eziningi kanye nokubekwa kahle kweminyango namafasitela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isakhiwo sifudumele ebusika futhi sipholile ehlobo futhi sinokukhanya okuningi kwemvelo. Ngokushesha ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwesikole, indawo yokuwela isitimela idinga ukususwa. Ukuhamba komklamo wokuqala kuqinisekisa ukuthi isikole singakhiwa kabusha ezindaweni ezahlukene ngaphandle kwemfucuza.
(Umthombo:Archdaily)
Umklami u-Yingjun Xie waklama i-"Cooperation House", esebenzisa zonke izinsiza ezitholakalayo njengezinto zokwakha, njengamagatsha, amatshe, izitshalo, inhlabathi nezinye izinto zendawo, futhi uhlela izakhamuzi zendawo ukuthi zihlanganyele ekwakhiweni nasekwakhiweni, zinethemba lokufinyelela ubunye obuvumelanayo besakhiwo, izinto zokwakha, isikhala, ubuhle kanye nomqondo wokwakha ozinzile. Lolu hlobo lwesakhiwo sesikhashana "segumbi lokubambisana" ludlale indima enkulu ekwakhiweni okuphuthumayo ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba.
(Umthombo: Abakhi Bezakhiwo baseXie Yingying)
02 Izakhiwo zesikhashana, amandla amasha okwakha okusimeme
Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwenguquko yezimboni, ukwakheka kwesimanje kanye nokufika ngokugcwele kwenkathi yolwazi, amaqoqo ezakhiwo ezinkulu nezibizayo ezihlala njalo akhiwe ngesikhathi esifushane, okuholele enanini elikhulu lemfucuza yokwakha engenakuphinde isetshenziswe. Ukuchitha okukhulu kwezinsizakusebenza kwenze abantu namuhla bangabaza "ukuhlala njalo" kokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo. Umakhi wezakhiwo waseJapan uToyo Ito wake waveza ukuthi ukwakheka kwezakhiwo kufanele kube yinto eguquguqukayo futhi kube yinto esheshayo.
Ngalesi sikhathi, izinzuzo zezakhiwo zesikhashana ziyavezwa. Ngemva kokuba izakhiwo zesikhashana seziqede umsebenzi wazo, ngeke zibangele umonakalo emvelweni, okuhambisana nezidingo zokuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nentuthuko yasemadolobheni esimeme.
Ngo-2000, uShigeru Ban kanye nomklami waseJalimane uFrei Otto baklama i-dome ene-arched tube ye-Japan Pavilion e-World Expo eHannover, eJalimane, eyadonsela ukunaka emhlabeni wonke. Ngenxa yesimo sesikhashana se-Expo pavilion, i-pavilion yaseJapan izobhidlizwa ngemva kwesikhathi sombukiso sezinyanga ezinhlanu, futhi umklami ucabangele indaba yokusetshenziswa kabusha kwezinto ekuqaleni komklamo.
Ngakho-ke, umzimba oyinhloko wesakhiwo wenziwe ngepayipi lephepha, ifilimu lephepha nezinye izinto, okunciphisa umonakalo emvelweni futhi kube lula ukuphinda kusetshenziswe.
I-Japan Pavilion e-World Expo eHannover, eJalimane (Umthombo: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Enkambisweni yokuhlela iphrojekthi yendawo yehhovisi yesikhashana yebhizinisi elisha le-Xiongan New Area, indawo entsha ezingeni likahulumeni, umakhi wezakhiwo uCui Kai wasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezitsha ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zokwakhiwa "okusheshayo" kanye "nesikhashana". Ingazivumelanisa nezindawo ezahlukene kanye nezidingo zendawo yokusetshenziswa kwamuva. Uma kunezinye izidingo esikhathini esizayo, ingalungiswa futhi ukuze ivumelane nezindawo ezahlukene. Lapho isakhiwo siqeda umsebenzi waso wamanje, singamane sihlukaniswe futhi siphinde sisetshenziswe, sihlanganiswe kabusha kwenye indawo bese sisetshenziswa futhi.
Iphrojekthi Yehhovisi Lesikhashana Le-Xiongan New Area Enterprise (umthombo: Isikole Sokwakha, iTianjin University)
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, ngokukhishwa kwe-“Ajenda 21 ye-Olympic Movement: Sports for Sustainable Development”, iMidlalo yama-Olimpiki isihlobene kakhulu nomqondo wentuthuko esimeme, ikakhulukazi i-Winter Olympics, edinga ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokushushuluza eqhweni ezintabeni. . Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusimama kweMidlalo, i-Winter Olympics yangaphambilini isebenzise inani elikhulu lezakhiwo zesikhashana ukuxazulula inkinga yendawo yemisebenzi yokusiza.
Kuma-Olympic asebusika aseVancouver ka-2010, iCypress Mountain yakha inani elikhulu lamatende esikhashana azungeze isakhiwo sokuqala senkonzo yasensimini yeqhwa; kuma-Olympic asebusika aseSochi ka-2014, kufikela ku-90% wezindawo zesikhashana zasetshenziswa ezindaweni ze-veneer neze-freestyle; Kuma-Olympic asebusika asePyeongChang ka-2018, cishe u-80% wendawo yangaphakathi engaphezu kwamamitha-skwele angu-20,000 ePhoenix Ski Park ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lo mcimbi usebenza okwesikhashana.
Kuma-Olimpiki asebusika aseBeijing ngo-2022, iYunding Ski Park eChongli, eZhangjiakou yabamba imincintiswano engu-20 ngezigaba ezimbili: ukuskiya ngesitayela samahhala kanye nokuskiya ngeqhwa. Ama-90% ezimfuneko zokusebenza zama-Olimpiki asebusika ayencike ezakhiweni zesikhashana, ezinamamitha-skwele angaba ngu-22,000 esikhala sesikhashana, cishe afinyelela ezingeni lebhulokhi elincane ledolobha. Lezi zakhiwo zesikhashana zinciphisa indawo ehlala njalo endaweni futhi zigcina indawo yendawo yokuskiya esebenza njalo ukuze iguquke futhi ishintshe.
03 Uma ukwakheka kwezakhiwo kukhululekile ezinkingeni, kuzoba namathuba engeziwe
Izakhiwo zesikhashana ziphila isikhathi esifushane futhi zibeka imingcele embalwa esikhaleni nasezintweni zokwakha, okuzonikeza abakhi bezakhiwo indawo eyengeziwe yokudlala futhi kuchaze kabusha amandla nobuciko bezakhiwo.
I-Serpentine Gallery eLondon, eNgilandi, ngokungangabazeki ingenye yezakhiwo zesikhashana ezimele kakhulu emhlabeni. Kusukela ngo-2000, i-Serpentine Gallery ithumele umakhi noma iqembu labakhi bezakhiwo ukuthi bakhe i-pavilion yesikhashana yasehlobo minyaka yonke. Indlela yokuthola amathuba engeziwe ezakhiweni zesikhashana yisihloko se-Serpentine Gallery sabakhi bezakhiwo.
Umklami wokuqala owamenywa yiSerpentine Gallery ngo-2000 kwakunguZaha Hadid. Umqondo kaZaha wokuklama kwakuwukushiya isimo setende sokuqala bese echaza kabusha incazelo nomsebenzi wetende. I-Serpentine Gallery yomhleli ibilokhu iphishekela futhi ihlose "ushintsho kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha" iminyaka eminingi.
(Umthombo: Archdaily)
I-pavilion yesikhashana ye-Serpentine Gallery ka-2015 yaqedwa ngokubambisana ngabaklami baseSpain uJosé Selgas noLucía Cano. Imisebenzi yabo isebenzisa imibala egqamile futhi ifana neyobuntwana, iphula isitayela esingathandeki seminyaka edlule futhi iletha izimanga eziningi kubantu. Ethola ugqozi esitimeleni esinabantu abaningi eLondon, umakhi waklama i-pavilion njengendawo enkulu yokumboza, lapho abantu bengazizwa khona injabulo yobuntwana njengoba behamba esakhiweni sefilimu yepulasitiki ekhanyayo.
(Umthombo: Archdaily)
Emisebenzini eminingi, izakhiwo zesikhashana nazo zinokubaluleka okukhethekile. Ngesikhathi somkhosi we-"Burning Man" e-United States ngo-Agasti 2018, umakhi wezakhiwo u-Arthur Mamou-Mani waklama ithempeli elibizwa ngokuthi "i-Galaxia", eliqukethe izigxobo zokhuni ezingu-20 ezakhiweni ezijikelezayo, njengomkhathi omkhulu. Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, lezi zakhiwo zesikhashana zizobhidlizwa, njengemidwebo yesihlabathi ye-mandala kuBuddhism yaseTibet, okukhumbuza abantu: yazisa lesi sikhathi.
(Umthombo: Archdaily)
Ngo-Okthoba 2020, enkabeni yedolobha ezintathu laseBeijing, eWuhan naseXiamen, kwakhiwa izindlu ezintathu ezincane zokhuni cishe ngokuphazima kweso. Lokhu kusakazwa bukhoma kwe-"Reader" ye-CCTV. Ngesikhathi sokusakazwa bukhoma kwezinsuku ezintathu kanye nezinsuku ezimbili ezilandelayo zokuvula, inani labantu abangu-672 abavela emadolobheni amathathu bangena endaweni yokufunda ngokuzwakalayo ukuze bafunde. Amakhabhinethi amathathu abona umzuzu lapho ephakamisa incwadi futhi efunda izinhliziyo zawo, futhi abona ubuhlungu, injabulo, isibindi kanye nethemba lawo.
Nakuba kuthathe isikhathi esingaphansi kwezinyanga ezimbili kusukela ekwakhiweni, ekwakhiweni, ekusetshenzisweni kuze kube sekubhidlizweni, ukubaluleka kobuntu okulethwe yisakhiwo sesikhashana esinjalo kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela ngabakhi bezakhiwo.
(Umthombo: "Umfundi" we-CCTV)
Njengoba usuzibonile lezi zakhiwo zesikhashana lapho kuhlangana khona ukufudumala, ubandlululo kanye ne-avant-garde, ingabe usunokuqonda okusha ngezakhiwo?
Inani lesakhiwo alikho esikhathini saso sokugcina izinto, kodwa lisekutheni siyabasiza noma siyabakhuthaza abantu. Kusukela kulo mbono, lokho okuvezwa yizakhiwo zesikhashana kungumoya waphakade.
Mhlawumbe ingane eyayikhoseliswe yisakhiwo sesikhashana futhi yazulazula eSerpentine Gallery ingaba ngumnqobi olandelayo wePritzker Prize.
Isikhathi sokuposa: 21-04-22