Kule ntwasahlobo, ubhubhane we-covid 19 uphinde wanda kumaphondo nakwizixeko ezininzi, isibhedlele se-modular shelter, esasikhe sakhuthazwa njengamava kwihlabathi liphela, siza kuqalisa ukwakhiwa okukhulu emva kokuvalwa kwezibhedlele ze-modular shelter zaseWuhan Leishenshan kunye neHuoshenshan.
IKhomishini yezeMpilo yeSizwe (i-NHS) ithe kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho izibhedlele ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 zeendawo zokukhosela ezilungiselelwe ngokukodwa kwiphondo ngalinye. Nokuba isibhedlele seendawo zokukhosela ezilungiselelwe ngokukodwa asikakhiwa, kufuneka sibe nesicwangciso sokwakha ukuqinisekisa ukuba ezi zinto zingxamisekileyo zifuneka ngokukhawuleza—izibhedlele zexeshana zingakhiwa kwaye zigqitywe kwiintsuku ezimbini.
UJiao Yahui, umlawuli we-NHC's Medical Administration Bureau uthe kwingqungquthela yabezindaba ebibanjwe yi-Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism ye-State Council's Joint Council ngomhla wama-22 kuMatshi ukuba okwangoku kukho izibhedlele ezingama-33 zokuhlala ezilungiselelweyo ezakhiweyo okanye ezisakhiwayo; izibhedlele ezingama-20 ezilungiselelweyo zakhiwe kwaye ezili-13 ziyakhiwa, kunye neebhedi ezingama-35,000 zizonke. Ezi zibhedlele zesikhashana zigxile kakhulu eJilin, eShandong, eYunnan, eHebei, eFujian, eLiaoning ...
Isibhedlele se-modular shelter saseChangchun
Isibhedlele sokwethutyana ngumzekelo omhle woyilo lwesakhiwo sexeshana, ixesha lokwakhiwa kwesibhedlele sokwethutyana ngokubanzi alidluli kwiveki enye ukusuka kuyilo ukuya ekunikezelweni kokugqibela.
Izibhedlele zesikhashana zidlala indima njengebhulorho phakathi kokuvalelwa emakhaya nokuya kwizibhedlele ezikhethiweyo, kwaye ziphepha ukuchitha imali kwizixhobo zonyango.
Ngowama-2020, kwakhiwa izibhedlele ezili-16 zeendawo zokukhosela ezilungiselelwe abantu abagulayo kwiiveki ezi-3 eWuhan, kwaye zanyanga malunga ne-12,000 yezigulana ngenyanga, kwaye azizange zife izigulana kwaye azizange zibe nasosulelo kubasebenzi bezonyango. Ukusetyenziswa kwezibhedlele zexeshana kuye kwaziswa eMelika, eJamani, e-Itali, eSpain nakwamanye amazwe.
Isibhedlele sokwexeshana esiguqulwe saba yiNew York Convention and Exhibition Center (Umthombo: Dezeen)
Isibhedlele sokwexeshana esiguqulwe saba yiBerlin Airport eJamani (Umthombo: Dezeen)
Ukususela kwiitente kwixesha lokuhambahamba ukuya kwizindlu ezisetyenziswa ngaphambili ezinokubonwa kuyo yonke indawo, ukuya kwizibhedlele zesikhashana ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwingxaki yesixeko namhlanje, izakhiwo zexeshana zidlale indima ebalulekileyo kwimbali yoluntu.
Umsebenzi omele ixesha lenguquko yemizi-mveliso "iLondon Crystal Palace" sisakhiwo sokuqala sexeshana esibaluleke kakhulu kwixesha elidlulileyo. I-pavilion enkulu yexeshana kwiWorld Expo yenziwe ngentsimbi neglasi ngokupheleleyo. Kwathabatha ngaphantsi kweenyanga ezili-9 ukugqitywa. Emva kokugqitywa, yachithwa yaza yathuthwa yaya kwenye indawo, kwaye ukuphinda ihlanganiswe kwaphumelela.
ICrystal Palace, e-UK (Umthombo: Baidu)
I-Takara Beautilion pavilion yomyili waseJapan uNoriaki Kurokawa kwi-World Expo ka-1970 e-Osaka, eJapan, yayinezikwere ezisikwele ezinokususwa okanye zisuswe kwi-cross metal skeleton, nto leyo ebonisa inyathelo elikhulu phambili kwindlela yokwakha okwethutyana.
I-pavilion yaseTakara Beautilion (Umthombo: Archdaily)
Namhlanje, izakhiwo zexeshana ezinokwakhiwa ngokukhawuleza zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwizindlu zokufakelwa okwethutyana ukuya kwiqonga lexeshana, ukusuka kwizibonelelo zoncedo olungxamisekileyo, kwiindawo zemidlalo yomculo ukuya kwiindawo zemiboniso.
01 Xa kuvela intlekele, izakhiwo zexeshana ziindawo zokuzikhusela zomzimba nomoya
Iintlekele zemvelo ezinzima azinakuqikelelwa, kwaye abantu bayasuswa kuzo ngokungenakuphepheka. Xa kukho iintlekele zemvelo nezenziwe ngabantu, uyilo lwexeshana alulula kangako njengo "bulumko obukhawulezileyo", apho sinokubona khona ubulumko bokulungiselela imini yemvula kunye noxanduva loluntu kunye nokhathalelo lobuntu olungasemva koyilo.
Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe, umyili wezakhiwo waseJapan uShigeru Ban wagxila ekufundeni izakhiwo zexeshana, esebenzisa iityhubhu zephepha ukwenza iindawo zokuhlala zexeshana ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo nezomeleleyo. Ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1990, izakhiwo zakhe zephepha zinokubonakala emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya yaseRwanda e-Afrika, inyikima yaseKobe eJapan, inyikima yaseWenchuan eTshayina, inyikima yaseHaiti, itsunami emantla eJapan kunye nezinye iintlekele. Ukongeza kwizindlu zotshintsho emva kwentlekele, wade wakha izikolo neecawa ngephepha, ukwakha indawo yokuhlala yokomoya yamaxhoba. Ngo-2014, uBan waphumelela iPritzker Prize for Architecture.
Indlu yexeshana emva kweNtlekele eSri Lanka (Umthombo: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Isakhiwo sesikolo sexeshana seSikolo samaBanga aPhantsi saseChengdu Hualin (Umthombo: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Icawa yePhepha yaseNew Zealand (Umthombo: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Kwimeko ye-COVID-19, uBan uphinde weza noyilo oluhle kakhulu. Indawo yokuvalelwa ngaphandle ingakhiwa ngokuhlanganisa iityhubhu zephepha nephepha ezinokwahlula intsholongwane, kwaye zineempawu zexabiso eliphantsi, kulula ukuzisebenzisa kwakhona kwaye kulula ukuzakha. Le mveliso isetyenzisiwe njengeziko lokugonya lexeshana, ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kunye nendawo yokukhosela e-ishikawa, eNara nakwezinye iindawo eJapan.
(Umthombo: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Ukongeza kubuchule bakhe kwiityhubhu zephepha, uBan uhlala esebenzisa izikhongozeli ezenziwe sele zilungile ukwakha izakhiwo. Usebenzise izikhongozeli ezininzi ukwakha indlu yexeshana yemizi eli-188 yamaxhoba aseJapan, uvavanyo lokwakhiwa kwezikhongozeli ezinkulu. Izikhongozeli zibekwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngeekhreyini kwaye ziqhagamshelwe ngee-twistlocks.
Ngokusekelwe kwezi ndlela zokwenza izinto zoshishino, izindlu zexeshana zingakhiwa ngokukhawuleza ngexesha elifutshane kwaye zibe nokusebenza kakuhle kokushukuma komhlaba.
(Umthombo: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Kukwakho nemizamo emininzi eyenziwa ngabayili bezakhiwo baseTshayina yokwakha izakhiwo zexeshana emva kweentlekele.
Emva kwenyikima "5.12", umyili wezakhiwo uZhu Jingxiang kwindawo eyonakeleyo yetempile yaseSichuan Primary site ukuze akhe isikolo samabanga aphantsi, isikolo esitsha sigubungela indawo yeemitha zesikwere ezingama-450, itempile yabemi belali, kunye namavolontiya angaphezu kwama-30 akhiwe, ulwakhiwo lwesakhiwo somzimba oyintloko lusebenzisa intsimbi ekhaphukhaphu, iphepha elidibeneyo lizalisa i-envelope kwaye linefuthe lokuqinisa isakhiwo siphela, liyakwazi ukumelana nenyikima ezili-10. Izixhobo zokukhusela ubushushu kunye nobushushu zisetyenziswa kunye nolwakhiwo olunezitezi ezininzi kunye nokubekwa ngokufanelekileyo kweengcango kunye neefestile ukuqinisekisa ukuba isakhiwo sishushu ebusika kwaye sipholile ehlotyeni kwaye sinokukhanya okuninzi kwendalo. Kungekudala emva kokusetyenziswa kwesikolo, indawo yokuwela umzila kaloliwe kufuneka isuswe. Ukuhamba koyilo lokuqala kuqinisekisa ukuba isikolo sinokwakhiwa kwakhona kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngaphandle kwenkunkuma.
(Umthombo:Archdaily)
Umyili wezakhiwo uYingjun Xie uyile "iNdlu yoBambiswano", esebenzisa zonke izixhobo ezikhoyo njengezixhobo zokwakha, ezinje ngamasebe, amatye, izityalo, umhlaba kunye nezinye izixhobo zasekuhlaleni, kwaye uququzelela abemi basekuhlaleni ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kuyilo nolwakhiwo, benethemba lokufezekisa umanyano oluhambelanayo lwesakhiwo, izixhobo, indawo, ubuhle kunye nengcamango yoyilo oluzinzileyo. Olu hlobo lwesakhiwo sexeshana "segumbi lobambiswano" ludlale indima enkulu kulwakhiwo olungxamisekileyo emva kwenyikima.
(Umthombo: Xie Yingying Architects)
02 Izakhiwo zexeshana, amandla amatsha oyilo oluzinzileyo
Ngenxa yophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwenguqu kwezoshishino, uyilo lwanamhlanje kunye nokufika ngokupheleleyo kwexesha lolwazi, amaqela ezakhiwo ezinkulu nezibizayo ezisisigxina zakhiwe ngexesha elifutshane, nto leyo ebangele ukuba kubekho inkunkuma enkulu yokwakha engenakuphinda isetyenziswe. Inkunkuma enkulu yezixhobo yenze abantu namhlanje bazibuze ukuba "ukuhlala ixesha elide" koyilo lwezakhiwo. Umyili wezakhiwo waseJapan uToyo Ito wakha wabonisa ukuba uyilo lwezakhiwo kufuneka lube yinto eguquguqukayo neyenzeka ngephanyazo.
Ngeli xesha, iingenelo zezakhiwo zexeshana ziyatyhilwa. Emva kokuba izakhiwo zexeshana zigqibile umsebenzi wazo, aziyi kubangela umonakalo kwindalo esingqongileyo, nto leyo ehambelana neemfuno zokhuseleko lwendalo kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo lwedolophu.
Ngowama-2000, uShigeru Ban kunye nomyili wezakhiwo waseJamani uFrei Otto bayila idome ene-arched tube yeJapan Pavilion kwiWorld Expo eHannover, eJamani, eyatsala ingqalelo yehlabathi liphela. Ngenxa yokuba i-Expo pavilion yayiyeyexeshana, i-Japan pavilion iza kudilizwa emva kwexesha leenyanga ezintlanu lomboniso, kwaye umyili uye wacinga ngomba wokuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ekuqaleni koyilo.
Ngoko ke, umzimba oyintloko wesakhiwo wenziwe ngetyhubhu yephepha, ifilimu yephepha kunye nezinye izinto, nto leyo enciphisa umonakalo kwindalo esingqongileyo kwaye incede ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona kwezinto.
IJapan Pavilion kwiWorld Expo eHannover, eJamani (Umthombo: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Kwinkqubo yokucwangcisa iprojekthi entsha yendawo yeofisi yexeshana yeshishini le-Xiongan New Area, indawo entsha karhulumente, umyili wezakhiwo uCui Kai usebenzise itekhnoloji yeekhonteyina ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokwakha "ngokukhawulezileyo" "nezexeshana". Ingahlengahlengiswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye neemfuno zendawo esetyenzisiweyo kutshanje. Ukuba kukho ezinye iimfuno kwixesha elizayo, ingahlengahlengiswa ukuze ihlengahlengiswe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Xa isakhiwo sigqibezela umsebenzi waso wangoku, sinokuqhekeka nje kwaye siphinde sisetyenziswe, siphinde sihlanganiswe kwenye indawo kwaye sisetyenziswe kwakhona.
Iprojekthi yeOfisi yeXeshana yeXiongan New Area Enterprise (umthombo: Isikolo soYilo lweZakhiwo, iYunivesithi yaseTianjin)
Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21, ngokukhutshwa kwe-"Ajenda 21 ye-Olympic Movement: Sports for Sustainable Development", iMidlalo yeOlimpiki iye yanxulumana ngakumbi nengcamango yophuhliso oluzinzileyo, ingakumbi iOlimpiki yaseBusika, efuna ukwakhiwa kweendawo zokutyibiliza eqhweni ezintabeni. . Ukuqinisekisa uzinzo lweMidlalo, iiOlimpiki zaseBusika zangaphambili zisebenzise inani elikhulu lezakhiwo zexeshana ukusombulula ingxaki yendawo yemisebenzi yokuncedisa.
KwiMidlalo yeOlimpiki yasebusika yaseVancouver ka-2010, iCypress Mountain yakha inani elikhulu leentente zexeshana ezijikeleze isakhiwo sokuqala senkonzo yasentsimini yekhephu; kwiMidlalo yeOlimpiki yasebusika yaseSochi ka-2014, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-90% yezakhiwo zexeshana zasetyenziswa kwiindawo ze-veneer kunye ne-freestyle; KwiMidlalo yeOlimpiki yasebusika yasePyeongChang ka-2018, malunga ne-80% yendawo engaphezulu kwe-20,000 yeemitha zesikwere zeendawo zangaphakathi ePhoenix Ski Park ukuqinisekisa ukuba lo msitho usebenza kwizakhiwo zexeshana.
KwiOlimpiki zasebusika zaseBeijing ngo-2022, iYunding Ski Park eChongli, eZhangjiakou yabamba imincintiswano engama-20 kwiindidi ezimbini: ukuskiya nge-freestyle kunye nokuskiya nge-snowboarding. I-90% yeemfuno zokusebenza zeOlimpiki zasebusika zazixhomekeke kwizakhiwo zexeshana, ezinendawo yexeshana emalunga ne-22,000 Square metres, phantse zifikelele kwinqanaba lebhloko encinci yesixeko. Ezi zakhiwo zexeshana zinciphisa indawo esisigxina kwindawo kwaye zikwagcina indawo yokuba indawo yokuskiya isebenze rhoqo iguquke kwaye itshintshe.
03 Xa uyilo lwezakhiwo lungenamida, kuya kubakho amathuba amaninzi
Izakhiwo zexeshana ziphila ixesha elifutshane kwaye zibeka imiqathango embalwa kwindawo nakwizinto zokwakha, nto leyo eya kunika abakhi bezakhiwo indawo engakumbi yokudlala kwaye ichaze kwakhona amandla kunye nobuchule bezakhiwo.
I-Serpentine Gallery eLondon, eNgilani, ngokungathandabuzekiyo yenye yezona zakhiwo zexeshana ezimele kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela. Ukususela ngo-2000, i-Serpentine Gallery iye yayalela umyili wezakhiwo okanye iqela labakhi bezakhiwo ukuba bakhe i-pavilion yehlobo yexeshana minyaka le. Indlela yokufumana amathuba angakumbi kwizakhiwo zexeshana ngumxholo we-Serpentine Gallery kubakhi bezakhiwo.
Umyili wokuqala owamenywa yiSerpentine Gallery ngo-2000 yayinguZaha Hadid. Ingcamango yoyilo lukaZaha yayikukuyeka imo yetente yokuqala aze achaze ngokutsha intsingiselo kunye nomsebenzi wetente. I-Serpentine Gallery yomququzeleli ibisoloko ilandela kwaye ijolise "kutshintsho kunye nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha" kangangeminyaka emininzi.
(Umthombo: Archdaily)
I-pavilion yexeshana ye-Serpentine Gallery ka-2015 yagqitywa ngokudibeneyo ngabayili baseSpain uJosé Selgas noLucía Cano. Imisebenzi yabo isebenzisa imibala ecacileyo kwaye ifana kakhulu neyabantwana, iphula isitayile esingathandekiyo seminyaka edlulileyo kwaye izisa izinto ezininzi ezimangalisayo ebantwini. Efumana ugqozi kwi-subway exineneyo eLondon, umyili wezakhiwo wayila le pavilion njengomngxuma omkhulu, apho abantu banokuziva khona uvuyo lobuntwana njengoko behamba kwisakhiwo sefilimu yeplastiki ekhanyayo.
(Umthombo: Archdaily)
Kwimisebenzi emininzi, izakhiwo zexeshana nazo zinentsingiselo ekhethekileyo. Ngexesha lomnyhadala we-"Burning Man" eMelika ngo-Agasti 2018, umyili wezakhiwo u-Arthur Mamou-Mani wayila itempile ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Galaxia", equlathe ii-trusses ezingama-20 zeenkuni kwisakhiwo esijikelezayo, njengendalo yonke enkulu. Emva kwesi siganeko, ezi zakhiwo zexeshana ziya kudilizwa, njengemifanekiso yesanti yemandala kwiBuddhism yaseTibet, ekhumbuza abantu: xabisani ixesha.
(Umthombo: Archdaily)
Ngo-Okthobha ka-2020, embindini wezixeko ezithathu zaseBeijing, eWuhan naseXiamen, kwakhiwa izindlu ezintathu ezincinci zomthi phantse ngephanyazo. Olu lusasazo olubukhoma lwe-"Reader" ye-CCTV. Ngexesha losasazo olubukhoma lweentsuku ezintathu kunye neentsuku ezimbini ezilandelayo zokuvula, abantu abangama-672 abavela kwezi zixeko zintathu bangena kwindawo yokufunda ngokuvakalayo ukuze bafunde. Iikhabhini ezintathu zibone umzuzu apho ziphakamise incwadi zaza zafunda iintliziyo zazo, zaza zabona intlungu yazo, uvuyo, inkalipho kunye nethemba.
Nangona kuthathe ixesha elingaphantsi kweenyanga ezimbini ukusuka kuyilo, ukwakhiwa, ukusetyenziswa ukuya ekudilizweni, ukubaluleka kobuntu okulethwe sisakhiwo sexeshana esinjalo kufanele kuqwalaselwe ngononophelo ngabayili bezakhiwo.
(Umthombo: "Umfundi" weCCTV)
Ekubeni uzibonile ezi zakhiwo zexeshana apho ubushushu, ubuhlanga kunye ne-avant-garde zihlala khona, ngaba unokuqonda okutsha ngoyilo lwezakhiwo?
Ixabiso lesakhiwo alikho kwixesha laso lokugcina izinto, kodwa lixhomekeke ekubeni siyabanceda okanye siyabakhuthaza abantu na. Ngokwale mbono, oko kubonakaliswa zizakhiwo zexeshana ngumoya ongunaphakade.
Mhlawumbi umntwana okhuselwe sisakhiwo sexeshana waza wahambahamba kwiSerpentine Gallery unokuba ngumdlali olandelayo ophumeleleyo kwiPritzker Prize.
Ixesha lokuthumela: 21-04-22