Muri iki gihembwe cy'impeshyi, icyorezo cya covid 19 cyongeye kwiyongera mu ntara nyinshi n'imijyi, ibitaro byita ku barwayi banduye, byahoze bizwi nk'uburambe ku isi, birimo gutangiza inyubako nini cyane nyuma y'uko ibitaro bya Wuhan Leishenshan na Huoshenshan bifunzwe.
Komisiyo y'Igihugu y'Ubuzima (NHS) yavuze ko ari ngombwa kugenzura ko hari ibitaro 2 kugeza kuri 3 by’ubuvuzi muri buri ntara. Nubwo ibitaro by’ubuvuzi by’ubuvuzi by’ubuvuzi byaba bitarubatswe, tugomba kugira gahunda y’ubwubatsi kugira ngo tumenye neza ko ibikenewe byihutirwa - ibitaro by’agateganyo bishobora kubakwa kandi bikarangira mu minsi ibiri.
Jiao Yahui, umuyobozi w'Ibiro by'Ubuvuzi bya NHC, yavuze mu kiganiro n'abanyamakuru cyahuje Inama Nkuru y'Igihugu ku ya 22 Werurwe ko ubu hari ibitaro 33 by'ubwiherero byubatswe cyangwa birimo kubakwa; ibitaro 20 by'ubwiherero byubatswe naho 13 birimo kubakwa, hamwe n'ibitanda 35.000. Ibi bitaro by'agateganyo byiganjemo Jilin, Shandong, Yunnan, Hebei, Fujian, Liaoning ...
Ibitaro bya Changchun by’icumbi ry’abantu bakuze
Ibitaro by'agateganyo ni urugero rwiza rw'inyubako z'agateganyo, igihe cyo kubaka ibitaro by'agateganyo muri rusange ntikirenza icyumweru kimwe kuva ku gishushanyo mbonera kugeza igihe cyo kubigeza ku nshuro ya nyuma.
Ibitaro by’agateganyo bigira uruhare mu kuba ikiraro kiri hagati yo kwigunga mu rugo no kujya mu bitaro byabugenewe, kandi birinda gusesagura umutungo w’ubuvuzi.
Mu 2020, hubatswe ibitaro 16 by’icumbi mu byumweru 3 i Wuhan, kandi byavuje abarwayi bagera ku 12.000 mu kwezi, kandi nta mfu z’abarwayi zageze kuri zeru n’ubwandu bw’abakozi bo kwa muganga. Gukoresha ibitaro by’agateganyo byagejejwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, mu Budage, mu Butaliyani, muri Esipanye n’ahandi.
Ibitaro by'agateganyo byahinduwe ikigo cy'inama n'imurikagurisha rya New York (Isoko: Dezeen)
Ibitaro by'agateganyo byahinduwe biva ku kibuga cy'indege cya Berlin mu Budage (Isoko: Dezeen)
Kuva ku mahema yo mu gihe cy’ubwimukira kugeza ku mazu ya kera aboneka hose, kugeza ku bitaro by’agateganyo bigira uruhare runini mu bibazo by’umujyi muri iki gihe, inyubako z’agateganyo zagize uruhare runini mu mateka y’abantu.
Imirimo ihagarariye iy’impinduramatwara y’inganda "London Crystal Palace" ni yo nyubako ya mbere y’agateganyo ifite agaciro ka trans-epoch. Inzu nini y’agateganyo y’igihe gito muri World Expo igizwe n’ibyuma n’ibirahure. Byatwaye amezi atarenze 9 kugira ngo irangire. Nyuma yo kurangira, yarasenyutse ijyanwa ahandi hantu, maze kongera kuyiteranya irakorwa neza.
Crystal Palace, mu Bwongereza (Inkomoko: Baidu)
Umuhanga mu by'ubwubatsi w'Umuyapani Noriaki Kurokawa, mu imurikagurisha ry'isi rya Takara Beautilion mu 1970 ryabereye i Osaka mu Buyapani, yari ifite uduce tw'ibishushanyo mbonera twashoboraga gukurwaho cyangwa kwimurwa mu gitereko cy'icyuma, bikaba ari intambwe ikomeye mu bikorwa by'ubwubatsi bw'agateganyo.
Pavilion ya Takara Beautilion (Isoko: Archdaily)
Muri iki gihe, inyubako z'agateganyo zishobora kubakwa vuba zigira uruhare runini muri byose, kuva ku mazu y'agateganyo kugeza ku nyubako z'agateganyo, kuva ku bigo byita ku butabazi bwihuse, ahantu habera ibitaramo bya muzika kugeza ku hantu habera imurikagurisha.
01 Iyo habaye ibiza, inyubako z'agateganyo ni ahantu ho guhungira umubiri n'umwuka
Ibiza bikomeye by’umwimerere ntibishobora gutegurwa, kandi abantu ntibabura kwimuka bitewe na byo. Mu gihe habayeho ibiza bisanzwe n’ibyakozwe n’abantu, inyubako z’igihe gito si zoroshye cyane ahubwo ni "ubwenge bw’ako kanya", aho dushobora kubona ubwenge bwo kwitegura umunsi w’imvura n’inshingano z’imibereho myiza n’ubwitabire bw’ikiremwamuntu inyuma y’igishushanyo mbonera.
Mu ntangiriro z'umwuga we, umwubatsi w'Umuyapani Shigeru Ban yibanze ku kwiga inyubako z'agateganyo, akoresheje imiyoboro y'impapuro kugira ngo akore ahantu ho gucumbikira by'agateganyo hadahungabanyije ibidukikije kandi hakomeye. Kuva mu myaka ya 1990, inyubako ze z'impapuro zishobora kugaragara nyuma y'intambara y'abaturage yo mu Rwanda muri Afurika, umutingito wa Kobe mu Buyapani, umutingito wa Wenchuan mu Bushinwa, umutingito wa Hayiti, tsunami mu majyaruguru y'Ubuyapani n'ibindi biza. Uretse amazu yo guturamo nyuma y'ibiza, yubatse amashuri n'insengero akoresheje impapuro, kugira ngo yubake ahantu ho gutura mu buryo bw'umwuka ku bagwiririwe n'ibiza. Mu 2014, Ban yatsindiye igihembo cya Pritzker mu bwubatsi.
Inzu y'agateganyo nyuma y'ibiza muri Sri Lanka (Isoko: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Inyubako y'ishuri ry'agateganyo ry'ishuri ribanza rya Chengdu Hualin (Isoko: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Itorero rya Nouvelle-Zélande ry’impapuro (Inkomoko: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Ku bijyanye na COVID-19, Ban yanazanye igishushanyo mbonera cyiza cyane. Ahantu ho gushyira abantu mu kato hashobora kubakwa hakoreshejwe imiyoboro y'impapuro n'impapuro bishobora gutandukanya virusi, kandi hakagira imiterere ihendutse, yoroshye kongera gukoreshwa kandi yoroshye kubaka. Iki gicuruzwa cyakoreshejwe nk'ikigo cy'agateganyo cyo gukingira, gushyira abantu mu kato no kubakira ishikawa, Nara n'ahandi mu Buyapani.
(Isoko: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Uretse ubuhanga bwe mu by’impapuro, Ban akunze gukoresha amakontena yakozwe mbere mu kubaka inyubako. Yakoresheje amakontena menshi mu kubaka inzu y’agateganyo y’ingo 188 z’abahohotewe n’Abayapani, igerageza mu kubaka amakontena manini. Amakontena ashyirwa ahantu hatandukanye hakoreshejwe imashini zitwara imizigo kandi agahuzwa n’imashini zifunga imizigo.
Hashingiwe kuri izi ngamba, amazu y'agateganyo ashobora kubakwa vuba mu gihe gito kandi akagira imikorere myiza mu mihindagurikire y'isi.
(Isoko: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Hari kandi n'inyubako nyinshi z'abubatsi b'Abashinwa bagerageza kubaka inyubako z'agateganyo nyuma y'ibiza.
Nyuma y’umutingito wa "5.12", umwubatsi Zhu Jingxiang mu rusengero rw’ibanze rwa Sichuan rwasenyutse kugira ngo yubake ishuri ribanza, ishuri rishya rifite ubuso bwa metero kare 450, urusengero rw’abaturage, n’abakorerabushake barenga 30 bubatse, yubaka imiterere y’umubiri wayo. IKORESHA icyuma cyoroshye, kuzuza impapuro zivanze cyangwa ibahasha kandi bifasha gukomeza imiterere rusange, Ishobora kwihanganira umutingito 10. Ibikoresho byo gukingira no kubika ubushyuhe bikoreshwa hamwe n’inyubako y’amagorofa menshi no gushyira neza inzugi n’amadirishya kugira ngo inyubako ibe ishyushye mu gihe cy’itumba kandi ikonje mu mpeshyi kandi ifite urumuri ruhagije. Nyuma gato yo gukoresha ishuri, inzira ya gari ya moshi igomba gukurwaho. Uburyo bwo kugenda bw’igishushanyo mbonera cya mbere butuma ishuri rishobora kongera kubakwa ahantu hatandukanye nta myanda.
(Inkomoko:Archdaily)
Umuhanga mu by'ubwubatsi Yingjun Xie yashushanyije "Inzu y'Ubufatanye", ikoresha umutungo wose uhari nk'ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, nk'amashami, amabuye, ibimera, ubutaka n'ibindi bikoresho byo mu gace, kandi agategura abaturage bo muri ako gace kugira ngo bagire uruhare mu gushushanya no kubaka, bizeye kugera ku bumwe buhuriweho bw'imiterere, ibikoresho, ahantu, ubwiza n'igitekerezo cy'ubwubatsi burambye. Ubu bwoko bw'inyubako y'agateganyo "y'icyumba cy'ubufatanye" yagize uruhare runini mu bwubatsi bwihutirwa nyuma y'umutingito.
(Inkomoko: Xie Yingying Architects)
02 Inyubako z'igihe gito, imbaraga nshya z'ubwubatsi burambye
Bitewe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’impinduramatwara mu nganda, ubwubatsi bugezweho ndetse n’igihe cy’amakuru kigeze, inyubako nini kandi zihenze zihoraho zubatswe mu gihe gito, bituma habaho imyanda myinshi y’ubwubatsi idashobora kongera gukoreshwa. Gusesagura umutungo mwinshi byatumye abantu muri iki gihe bibaza "ubudashira" bw’ubwubatsi. Umuhanga mu by’ubwubatsi w’Umuyapani Toyo Ito yigeze kugaragaza ko ubwubatsi bugomba kuba buhindagurika kandi bugahita buhinduka.
Muri iki gihe, ibyiza by'inyubako z'agateganyo biragaragara. Nyuma y'uko inyubako z'agateganyo zirangije inshingano zazo, ntabwo zizangiza ibidukikije, ibyo bikaba bihuye n'ibisabwa mu kurengera ibidukikije no guteza imbere imijyi mu buryo burambye.
Mu 2000, Shigeru Ban n'umwubatsi w'Umudage Frei Otto bakoze igishushanyo mbonera cy'impapuro zometseho inkingi zo gushyiramo Pavilion y'Ubuyapani mu imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga i Hannover mu Budage, cyakuruye abantu ku isi yose. Bitewe n'uko pavilion y'imurikagurisha ari ingenzi, pavilion y'Abayapani izasenywa nyuma y'amezi atanu y'imurikagurisha, kandi umuhanga mu by'ubwubatsi yatekereje ku kibazo cyo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho mu ntangiriro z'igishushanyo mbonera.
Bityo rero, igice kinini cy'inyubako kigizwe n'impapuro, impapuro zifata amashusho n'ibindi bikoresho, bigabanya kwangirika kw'ibidukikije kandi bigafasha kongera gukoresha ibikoresho.
Inzu y'Ubuyapani mu imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga i Hannover, mu Budage (Isoko: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Mu gihe cyo gutegura umushinga mushya w’ibiro by’agateganyo by’ikigo cya Xiongan New Area, agace gashya ku rwego rwa leta, umwubatsi Cui Kai yakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya konteyineri kugira ngo ahaze ibyo kubaka "byihuse" kandi "by'agateganyo". Ishobora guhinduka bitewe n'ahantu hatandukanye n'ibisabwa mu gace gaherutse gukoreshwa. Niba hari ibindi bikenewe mu gihe kizaza, ishobora no guhinduka kugira ngo ihuzwe n'ahantu hatandukanye. Iyo inyubako irangije inshingano zayo z'akazi, ishobora gusamburwa no kongera gukoreshwa, kongera guteranywa ahandi hantu hanyuma ikongera gukoreshwa.
Umushinga w'Ibiro by'agateganyo bya Xiongan New Area Enterprise (inkomoko: Ishuri ry'Ubwubatsi, Kaminuza ya Tianjin)
Kuva mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21, hamwe n'isohoka rya "Gahunda ya 21 y'Umuryango Olempike: Siporo Iterambere Rirambye", Imikino Olempike yagiye irushaho kuba isano ya hafi n'igitekerezo cy'iterambere rirambye, cyane cyane Imikino Olempike y'imbeho, isaba kubaka ahantu ho guterera imikino yo ku rubura mu misozi. . Kugira ngo imikino ikomeze kumera neza, Imikino Olempike yabanjirije iyi y'imbeho yakoresheje inyubako nyinshi z'agateganyo kugira ngo akemure ikibazo cy'umwanya w'imirimo y'inyongera.
Mu mikino Olempike y'itumba ya Vancouver yo mu 2010, Cypress Mountain yubatse amahema menshi y'agateganyo akikije inyubako ya mbere y'urubura; mu mikino Olempike y'itumba ya Sochi yo mu 2014, kugeza kuri 90% by'ibikoresho by'agateganyo byakoreshejwe mu bibuga by'ibishushanyo mbonera n'iby'ibishushanyo mbonera; mu mikino Olempike y'itumba ya PyeongChang yo mu 2018, hafi 80% by'ahantu ho mu nzu harenga metero kare 20.000 muri Pariki ya Phoenix Ski kugira ngo hamenyekane ko ibikorwa by'iki gikorwa byari inyubako z'agateganyo.
Mu mikino Olempike yabereye i Beijing mu gihe cy'itumba mu 2022, Pariki ya Yunding Ski i Chongli, Zhangjiakou yakiriye amarushanwa 20 mu byiciro bibiri: gusiganwa ku rubura no gusiganwa ku rubura. 90% by'ibisabwa mu mikino Olempike y'itumba byashingiraga ku nyubako z'agateganyo, zifite ahantu hagera kuri metero kare 22.000, hafi kugera ku rwego rw'agace gato k'umujyi. Izi nyubako z'agateganyo zigabanya ahantu hahoraho ho gusiganwa ku rubura kandi zigaha umwanya agace gahora gakora ku rubura kugira ngo gahinduke kandi gahinduke.
03 Iyo inyubako zidafite imipaka, hazabaho andi mahitamo menshi
Inyubako z'igihe gito zimara igihe gito kandi zishyiraho imipaka mike ku isanzure n'ibikoresho, ibyo bikazaha abubatsi umwanya munini wo gukina no gusobanura imbaraga n'ubuhanga by'inyubako.
Inzu Ndangamurage y’Imisengere i Londres mu Bwongereza, nta gushidikanya ko ari imwe mu nyubako z’agateganyo zigaragara cyane ku isi. Kuva mu 2000, Inzu Ndangamurage y’Imisengere yahaye akazi umwubatsi cyangwa itsinda ry’abubatsi kubaka pavilion y’agateganyo y’impeshyi buri mwaka. Uburyo bwo kubona andi mahirwe mu nyubako z’agateganyo ni insanganyamatsiko ya Serpentine Gallery ku bubatsi.
Umushushanyi wa mbere watumiwe na Serpentine Gallery mu 2000 yari Zaha Hadid. Igitekerezo cya Zaha cyo gushushanya cyari ukureka imiterere y'ihema ry'umwimerere no gusobanura ibisobanuro n'imikorere y'ihema. Serpentine Gallery y'uwateguye iyi hema imaze imyaka myinshi ikurikirana kandi igamije "impinduka n'udushya".
(Inkomoko: Archdaily)
Inzu y'agateganyo ya Serpentine Gallery yo mu 2015 yakozwe ku bufatanye n'abashushanya b'Abanya-Espagne José Selgas na Lucía Cano. Ibihangano byabo byanditseho amabara akomeye kandi bisa n'iby'abana, bigaca imiterere idashimishije yo mu myaka yashize kandi bigatangaza abantu benshi. Yahereye ku muyoboro wuzuye abantu wo mu muhanda wa gari ya moshi i Londres, umuhanga mu by'ubwubatsi yashushanyije iyi nzu nk'umwobo munini w'imbogo, aho abantu bashobora kumva ibyishimo byo mu bwana bwabo iyo bagenda mu nyubako ya pulasitiki ibonerana.
(Inkomoko: Archdaily)
Mu bikorwa byinshi, inyubako z'agateganyo nazo zifite agaciro kadasanzwe. Mu iserukiramuco rya "Burning Man" ryabereye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika muri Kanama 2018, umwubatsi Arthur Mamou-Mani yakoze urusengero rwitwa "Galaxia", rugizwe n'inkingi 20 z'ibiti mu buryo bw'uruziga, nk'isanzure rinini. Nyuma y'iki gikorwa, izi nyubako z'agateganyo zizasenywa, kimwe n'amashusho y'umucanga ya mandala mu idini rya Tibet, yibutsa abantu: guha agaciro ako kanya.
(Inkomoko: Archdaily)
Mu Ukwakira 2020, hagati mu mijyi itatu ya Beijing, Wuhan na Xiamen, hubatswe amazu atatu mato y’ibiti mu kanya gato. Iyi ni inkuru ya CCTV "Reader". Mu gihe cy’iminsi itatu yo gutangaza inkuru imbonankubone ndetse n’iminsi ibiri yakurikiyeho yo gufungura abantu, abantu 672 bo muri iyo mijyi itatu binjiye mu cyumba cyo gusoma mu ijwi riranguruye. Inzu eshatu zabonye umwanya wo gutangaza igitabo no gusoma ibiri mu mitima yabo, kandi zibonera ububabare bwabo, ibyishimo, ubutwari n’ibyiringiro.
Nubwo byafashe igihe kitarenze amezi abiri kuva ku gishushanyo mbonera, kubaka, gukoresha kugeza ku gusenya, akamaro k’ubumuntu kazanwa n’inyubako nk’iyo y’igihe gito gakwiye kwitabwaho cyane n’abubatsi.
(Isoko: "Umusomyi" wa CCTV)
Umaze kubona izi nyubako z'igihe gito aho ubushyuhe, ubwigomeke n'ubuhanga budasanzwe bihurira, ese ufite ubumenyi bushya ku bwubatsi?
Agaciro k'inyubako ntigashingiye ku gihe cyo kuyigumana, ahubwo gashingiye ku kuba ifasha cyangwa itera abantu inkunga. Muri uru rwego, icyo inyubako z'igihe gito zigaragaza ni umwuka w'iteka.
Wenda umwana wari ucumbikiwe n'inyubako y'agateganyo akazenguruka muri Serpentine Gallery ashobora kuba wegukana igihembo cya Pritzker gikurikira.
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: 21-04-22