M'nyengo ino ya masika, mliri wa covid 19 unayambiranso m'maboma ndi m'mizinda yambiri, chipatala chosungiramo zinthu zogona, chomwe kale chinali chodziwika padziko lonse lapansi, chikuyambitsa ntchito yomanga yayikulu kwambiri pambuyo poti zipatala za Wuhan Leishenshan ndi Huoshenshan zatsekedwa.
Bungwe la National Health Commission (NHS) linanena kuti ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti pali zipatala ziwiri kapena zitatu zogona anthu m'chigawo chilichonse. Ngakhale zipatala zogona anthu m'chigawo chilichonse sizinamangidwe, tiyenera kukhala ndi dongosolo lomanga kuti zitsimikizire kuti zofunikira mwachangu - zipatala zosakhalitsa zitha kumangidwa ndikumalizidwa mkati mwa masiku awiri.
Jiao Yahui, mkulu wa NHC's Medical Administration Bureau, adati pamsonkhano wa atolankhani womwe unachitikira ndi State Council's Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism pa Marichi 22 kuti pakadali pano pali zipatala 33 zogona anthu odwala matenda opatsirana pogonana zomwe zamangidwa kapena zomwe zikumangidwa; zipatala 20 zogona anthu odwala matenda opatsirana pogonana zamangidwa ndipo 13 zikumangidwa, ndipo zipinda zonse zogona 35,000 zili mkati. Zipatala zongoyembekezerazi zili makamaka ku Jilin, Shandong, Yunnan, Hebei, Fujian, Liaoning ...
Chipatala cha Changchun modular shelter
Chipatala chongokonzedwa ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha zomangamanga zakanthawi kochepa, nthawi yomanga chipatala chongokonzedwa nthawi zambiri siipitirira sabata imodzi kuyambira pakupanga mpaka kuperekedwa komaliza.
Zipatala zongoyembekezera zimagwira ntchito ngati mlatho pakati pa kudzipatula panyumba ndi kupita kuzipatala zodziwika, ndipo zimapewa kuwononga ndalama zachipatala.
Mu 2020, zipatala 16 zogona anthu odwala zinamangidwa mkati mwa milungu itatu ku Wuhan, ndipo zinathandiza odwala pafupifupi 12,000 pamwezi, ndipo sizinapezeke imfa ya odwala komanso palibe matenda kwa ogwira ntchito zachipatala. Kugwiritsa ntchito zipatala zokhazikika kwabweretsedwanso ku United States, Germany, Italy, Spain ndi mayiko ena.
Chipatala chosakhalitsa chomwe chinasinthidwa kuchoka ku New York Convention and Exhibition Center (Chitsime: Dezeen)
Chipatala chongosinthidwa kuchokera ku bwalo la ndege la Berlin ku Germany (Chitsime: Dezeen)
Kuyambira mahema mu nthawi ya anthu osamukasamuka mpaka nyumba zomwe zinkamangidwa kale zomwe zimawoneka kulikonse, mpaka zipatala zomwe zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamavuto a mzindawu masiku ano, nyumba zakanthawi zakhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu.
Ntchito yoyimira nthawi ya kusintha kwa mafakitale "London Crystal Palace" ndi nyumba yoyamba yakanthawi yokhala ndi tanthauzo la trans-epoch. Nyumba yayikulu yosakhalitsa ku World Expo imapangidwa ndi chitsulo ndi galasi. Zinatenga miyezi yosakwana 9 kuti ithe. Pambuyo pake, idasweka ndikusamutsidwira kwina, ndipo kukonzanso kunachitika bwino.
Crystal Palace, UK (Chitsime: Baidu)
Katswiri wa zomangamanga wa ku Japan dzina lake Noriaki Kurokawa, dzina lake Takara Beautilion pavilion, pa chiwonetsero cha padziko lonse cha 1970 ku Osaka, Japan, anali ndi ma pods a sikweya omwe angachotsedwe kapena kusunthidwa kuchokera ku chigoba chachitsulo chopingasa, zomwe zikusonyeza kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pakupanga zomangamanga kwakanthawi.
Takara Beautilion pavilion (Chitsime: Archdaily)
Masiku ano, nyumba zakanthawi zomwe zingamangidwe mwachangu zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa chilichonse kuyambira nyumba zomangidwira kwakanthawi mpaka malo ochitira zinthu zakanthawi, kuyambira malo operekera chithandizo chadzidzidzi, malo ochitira zisudzo zanyimbo mpaka malo owonetsera ziwonetsero.
01 Pakagwa tsoka, nyumba zosakhalitsa zimakhala malo obisalira thupi ndi mzimu
Masoka achilengedwe oopsa ndi osayembekezereka, ndipo anthu amasamutsidwa mosavuta chifukwa cha masokawo. Poyang'anizana ndi masoka achilengedwe ndi opangidwa ndi anthu, zomangamanga zakanthawi si zophweka koma "nzeru zachangu", zomwe tingaone nzeru zokonzekera tsiku lamvula komanso udindo wa anthu komanso chisamaliro chaumunthu kumbuyo kwa kapangidwe kake.
Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yake, katswiri wa zomangamanga wa ku Japan, Shigeru Ban, anayang'ana kwambiri pa maphunziro a nyumba zosakhalitsa, pogwiritsa ntchito machubu a mapepala popanga malo osungiramo zinthu osakhalitsa omwe ndi abwino kwa chilengedwe komanso olimba. Kuyambira m'ma 1990, nyumba zake zamapepala zimatha kuwoneka pambuyo pa nkhondo yapachiweniweni ya ku Rwanda ku Africa, chivomerezi cha ku Kobe ku Japan, chivomerezi cha ku Wenchuan ku China, chivomerezi cha ku Haiti, tsunami kumpoto kwa Japan ndi masoka ena. Kuwonjezera pa nyumba zosinthira pambuyo pa masoka, anamanganso masukulu ndi matchalitchi ndi mapepala, kuti amange malo okhala auzimu kwa ozunzidwa. Mu 2014, Ban adapambana Pritzker Prize for Architecture.
Nyumba yakanthawi yochepa pambuyo pa ngozi ku Sri Lanka (Chitsime: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Nyumba yomanga sukulu yakanthawi ya Sukulu ya Pulayimale ya Chengdu Hualin (Chitsime: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Tchalitchi cha New Zealand Paper (Chitsime: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Pankhani ya COVID-19, Ban adabweretsanso kapangidwe kabwino kwambiri. Malo oikira anthu m'malo ...
(Chitsime: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Kuwonjezera pa luso lake pa machubu a mapepala, Ban nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ma kontena opangidwa kale kuti amange nyumba. Anagwiritsa ntchito ma kontena angapo kuti amange nyumba yakanthawi ya mabanja 188 a anthu aku Japan omwe anakhudzidwa, kuyesera pakupanga ma kontena akuluakulu. Ma kontena amaikidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana ndi ma crane ndipo amalumikizidwa ndi ma twistlocks.
Kutengera ndi miyezo iyi ya mafakitale, nyumba zakanthawi zitha kumangidwa mwachangu munthawi yochepa komanso kukhala ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino a zivomerezi.
(Chitsime: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Palinso kuyesetsa kambiri komwe akatswiri a zomangamanga aku China akuyesera kumanga nyumba zakanthawi pambuyo pa ngozi.
Pambuyo pa chivomerezi cha "5.12", katswiri wa zomangamanga Zhu Jingxiang adamanga sukulu ya pulayimale ku Sichuan, yomwe inali ndi malo okwana masikweya mita 450, ndipo nyumbayo inali ndi anthu odzipereka oposa 30. Nyumbayi inali ndi chitsulo chopepuka, pepala lodzaza ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndipo inali ndi mphamvu yolimbitsa nyumbayo, ndipo inali ndi mphamvu yolimba. Imatha kupirira chivomerezi cha 10. Zipangizo zotetezera kutentha ndi zosungiramo zinthu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi nyumba yomangidwa ndi zipinda zambiri komanso malo oyenera a zitseko ndi mawindo kuti nyumbayo ikhale yotentha nthawi yozizira komanso yozizira nthawi yachilimwe komanso kuti ikhale ndi kuwala kwachilengedwe. Sukuluyi ikangogwiritsidwa ntchito, msewu wodutsa sitima uyenera kuchotsedwa. Kuyenda kwa kapangidwe koyambirira kumatsimikizira kuti sukuluyo ikhoza kumangidwanso m'malo osiyanasiyana popanda zinyalala.
(Chitsime:Archdaily)
Wopanga mapulani Yingjun Xie adapanga "Cooperation House", yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zonse zomwe zilipo ngati zipangizo zomangira, monga nthambi, miyala, zomera, dothi ndi zinthu zina zakomweko, ndipo adakonza anthu okhala m'deralo kuti achite nawo kapangidwe ndi zomangamanga, akuyembekeza kukwaniritsa mgwirizano wogwirizana wa kapangidwe, zipangizo, malo, kukongola ndi lingaliro lokhazikika la zomangamanga. Nyumba ya "chipinda chogwirira ntchito" kwakanthawi iyi yakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pa ntchito yomanga mwadzidzidzi pambuyo pa chivomerezi.
(Chitsime: Xie Yingying Architects)
02 Nyumba zakanthawi, mphamvu yatsopano ya zomangamanga zokhazikika
Ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha kusintha kwa mafakitale, zomangamanga zamakono komanso kufika kwathunthu kwa nthawi ya chidziwitso, magulu a nyumba zazikulu komanso zodula zokhazikika zamangidwa munthawi yochepa, zomwe zapangitsa kuti pakhale zinyalala zambiri zomangira zomwe sizingabwezeretsedwenso. Kutaya kwakukulu kwa zinthu kwapangitsa anthu masiku ano kukayikira "kukhalapo" kwa zomangamanga. Katswiri wa zomangamanga waku Japan Toyo Ito adanenapo kale kuti zomangamanga ziyenera kukhala zosasinthika komanso zochitika nthawi yomweyo.
Pakadali pano, ubwino wa nyumba zakanthawi umaonekera. Nyumba zakanthawi zikamaliza ntchito yawo, sizidzawononga chilengedwe, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zofunikira zoteteza chilengedwe komanso chitukuko chokhazikika cha mizinda.
Mu 2000, Shigeru Ban ndi katswiri wa zomangamanga wa ku Germany Frei Otto adapanga dome lokhala ndi chubu cha pepala la Japan Pavilion ku World Expo ku Hannover, Germany, lomwe linakopa chidwi cha dziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka Expo, pavilion yaku Japan idzagwetsedwa pambuyo pa nthawi yowonetsera ya miyezi isanu, ndipo wopanga mapulaniyo waganizira nkhani yokonzanso zinthu pachiyambi cha kapangidwe kake.
Choncho, mbali yaikulu ya nyumbayo imapangidwa ndi chubu cha pepala, filimu ya pepala ndi zinthu zina, zomwe zimachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komanso zimathandiza kubwezeretsanso zinthu.
Japan Pavilion pa Chiwonetsero cha Padziko Lonse ku Hannover, Germany (Chitsime: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Pokonzekera pulojekiti yatsopano ya ofesi yakanthawi ya kampani ya Xiongan New Area, dera latsopano la boma, katswiri wa zomangamanga Cui Kai adagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa ziwiya kuti akwaniritse zosowa za zomangamanga "zachangu" komanso "zakanthawi". Zitha kusintha malinga ndi malo osiyanasiyana komanso zofunikira za malo omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito posachedwapa. Ngati pali zosowa zina mtsogolo, zitha kusinthidwanso kuti zigwirizane ndi malo osiyanasiyana. Nyumbayo ikamaliza ntchito yake yomwe ikugwira ntchito pano, imatha kungosunthidwa ndikubwezeretsedwanso, kukonzedwanso pamalo ena ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Ntchito Yakanthawi ya Ofesi ya Xiongan New Area Enterprise (gwero: Sukulu Yomanga, Tianjin University)
Kuyambira pachiyambi cha zaka za m'ma 2000, ndi kutulutsidwa kwa "Agenda 21 ya Olympic Movement: Sports for Sustainable Development", Masewera a Olimpiki akhala ogwirizana kwambiri ndi lingaliro la chitukuko chokhazikika, makamaka Masewera a Olimpiki a M'nyengo Yozizira, omwe amafuna kumangidwa kwa malo ochitira masewera a ski m'mapiri. . Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti Masewerawa akukhazikika, Masewera a Olimpiki a M'nyengo Yozizira am'mbuyomu agwiritsa ntchito nyumba zambiri zakanthawi kuti athetse vuto la malo ogwirira ntchito zothandizira.
Mu Masewera a Olimpiki a M'nyengo ya Chilimwe a Vancouver mu 2010, Cypress Mountain inamanga mahema ambiri akanthawi kochepa mozungulira nyumba yoyambirira yochitira masewera a chipale chofewa; mu Masewera a Olimpiki a M'nyengo ya Chilimwe a Sochi mu 2014, mpaka 90% ya malo akanthawi kochepa adagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ochitira masewera a veneer ndi freestyle; Mu Masewera a Olimpiki a M'nyengo ya Chilimwe a PyeongChang mu 2018, pafupifupi 80% ya malo opitilira 20,000 masikweya mita amkati ku Phoenix Ski Park kuti atsimikizire kuti chochitikachi chikuchitika ndi nyumba zakanthawi kochepa.
Mu Masewera a Olimpiki a M'nyengo ya Chilimwe ku Beijing mu 2022, Yunding Ski Park ku Chongli, Zhangjiakou inachititsa mpikisano 20 m'magulu awiri: kutsetsereka kwa ski ndi kutsetsereka kwa chipale chofewa. 90% ya zofunikira pa ntchito za Masewera a Olimpiki a M'nyengo Yachisanu zimadalira nyumba zakanthawi, zokhala ndi malo okwana masikweya mita 22,000, pafupifupi kufika pamlingo wa nyumba yaying'ono ya mzinda. Nyumba zakanthawi izi zimachepetsa malo okhazikika pamalopo komanso zimasunga malo kuti malo otsetsereka a ski azitha kusintha ndikusintha.
03 Pamene zomangamanga zilibe zoletsa, padzakhala mwayi wambiri
Nyumba zakanthawi zimakhala ndi moyo waufupi ndipo zimaika malire ochepa pa malo ndi zipangizo, zomwe zimapatsa akatswiri omanga nyumba malo ambiri osewerera ndikufotokozeranso mphamvu ndi luso la nyumba.
Nyumba Yosungiramo Zinthu Zakale ya Serpentine ku London, England, mosakayikira ndi imodzi mwa nyumba zakanthawi zodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi. Kuyambira mu 2000, Nyumba Yosungiramo Zinthu Zakale ya Serpentine yalamula katswiri wa zomangamanga kapena gulu la akatswiri omanga nyumba kuti amange nyumba yakanthawi yachilimwe chaka chilichonse. Momwe mungapezere mwayi wochulukirapo m'nyumba zakanthawi ndiye mutu wa Nyumba Yosungiramo Zinthu Zakale ya Serpentine kwa akatswiri omanga nyumba.
Wopanga mapulani woyamba kuitanidwa ku Serpentine Gallery mu 2000 anali Zaha Hadid. Lingaliro la Zaha la kapangidwe kake linali kusiya mawonekedwe a hema loyambirira ndikufotokozeranso tanthauzo ndi ntchito ya hema. Serpentine Gallery ya wokonzayo yakhala ikutsatira ndi cholinga cha "kusintha ndi kupanga zinthu zatsopano" kwa zaka zambiri.
(Chitsime: Archdaily)
Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ya Serpentine Gallery ya 2015 inamalizidwa pamodzi ndi opanga mapulani aku Spain José Selgas ndi Lucía Cano. Ntchito zawo zimagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yolimba mtima ndipo ndi zachibwana kwambiri, zomwe zimaswa kalembedwe kosangalatsa ka zaka zapitazo komanso kubweretsa zodabwitsa zambiri kwa anthu. Potengera kudzozedwa ndi sitima yapansi panthaka yodzaza anthu ku London, katswiri wa zomangamanga adapanga nyumbayo ngati dzenje lalikulu la nyongolotsi, komwe anthu amatha kumva chisangalalo cha ubwana akamadutsa mu kapangidwe ka filimu yapulasitiki yowala.
(Chitsime: Archdaily)
Mu zochitika zambiri, nyumba zakanthawi zimakhalanso ndi tanthauzo lapadera. Pa chikondwerero cha "Burning Man" ku United States mu Ogasiti 2018, katswiri wa zomangamanga Arthur Mamou-Mani adapanga kachisi wotchedwa "Galaxia", womwe uli ndi mitengo 20 yozungulira, ngati chilengedwe chachikulu. Pambuyo pa chochitikachi, nyumba zakanthawi izi zidzagwetsedwa, monga momwe zimajambulidwira mchenga wa mandala mu Chibuda cha Tibet, zomwe zimakumbutsa anthu: sangalalani ndi mphindiyo.
(Chitsime: Archdaily)
Mu Okutobala 2020, pakati pa mizinda itatu ya Beijing, Wuhan ndi Xiamen, nyumba zitatu zazing'ono zamatabwa zinamangidwa nthawi yomweyo. Iyi ndi njira yowulutsira pompopompo ya "Reader" ya CCTV. Pa nthawi yowulutsa pompopompo ya masiku atatu komanso masiku awiri otsegulira, anthu okwana 672 ochokera m'mizinda itatuyi adalowa m'malo owerengera mokweza kuti awerenge. Nyumba zitatuzi zidawona nthawi yomwe adakweza bukuli ndikuwerenga mitima yawo, ndipo adawona ululu wawo, chimwemwe chawo, kulimba mtima kwawo komanso chiyembekezo chawo.
Ngakhale kuti zinatenga miyezi yosakwana iwiri kuchokera pakupanga, kumanga, kugwiritsa ntchito mpaka kugwetsa, kufunika kwa anthu komwe kunabwera ndi nyumba yakanthawi yotereyi n’koyenera kuganiziridwa mosamala ndi akatswiri omanga nyumba.
(Chitsime: "Reader" wa CCTV)
Popeza mwawona nyumba zakanthawi izi zomwe kutentha, kukonda kwambiri zinthu zakale komanso kukongola kwa nyumba zakale kumakhalapo, kodi mwamvetsa bwino za zomangamanga?
Ubwino wa nyumba suli pa nthawi yake yosungidwa, koma ngati imathandiza kapena kulimbikitsa anthu. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, zomwe nyumba zakanthawi zimasonyeza ndi mzimu wosatha.
Mwina mwana amene anatetezedwa ndi nyumba yakanthawi ndipo ankayendayenda mu Serpentine Gallery akhoza kukhala wopambana mphoto ya Pritzker.
Nthawi yotumizira: 21-04-22