I tēnei puna, i te hokinga mai o te mate urutā COVID-19 i roto i ngā kawanatanga me ngā tāone maha, ko te hōhipera whare tiaki tamariki, i whakatairangatia i mua hei wheako ki te ao, kei te whakatuwhera i te hanganga nui rawa atu whai muri i te katinga o ngā hōhipera whare tiaki tamariki o Wuhan Leishenshan me Huoshenshan.
I kī te Komihana Hauora ā-Motu (NHS) he mea tika kia whakarite kia rua ki te toru ngā hōhipera whare tiaki i ia kawanatanga. Ahakoa kāore anō kia hangaia te hōhipera whare tiaki, me whai mahere hanga tātou kia mōhio ai kei te hiahiatia wawetia - ka taea te hanga me te whakaoti i ngā hōhipera taupua i roto i ngā rā e rua.
I te huihuinga pāpāho a te Tikanga Ārai me te Whakahaere Tahi a te Kaunihera ā-Motu i te 22 o Poutū-te-rangi, i kī a Jiao Yahui, te kaiwhakahaere o te Tari Whakahaere Hauora o te NHC, e 33 ngā hōhipera whare noho kua hangaia, kei te hangaia rānei; e 20 ngā hōhipera kua hangaia, ā, e 13 kei te hangaia, me te tapeke o ngā moenga e 35,000. Ko te nuinga o ēnei hōhipera taupua kei Jilin, Shandong, Yunnan, Hebei, Fujian, Liaoning...
Te hōhipera whare tiaki ā-motu o Changchun
He tauira pai te hōhipera taupua mō te hoahoanga taupua, ko te wā hanga o tētahi hōhipera taupua kāore i te neke atu i te kotahi wiki mai i te hoahoa tae noa ki te tukunga whakamutunga.
He hononga tō ngā hōhipera taupua i waenga i te noho motuhake ki te kāinga me te haere ki ngā hōhipera kua tohua, ā, ka ārai hoki i te moumou rauemi hauora.
I te tau 2020, i hangaia ngā hōhipera piringa 16 i roto i ngā wiki e 3 i Wuhan, ā, tata ki te 12,000 ngā tūroro i rongoatia e rātou i roto i te marama, ā, kāore he mate o ngā tūroro, kāore hoki he mate o ngā kaimahi hauora. Kua kawea mai hoki te whakamahinga o ngā hōhipera taupua ki te Hononga o Amerika, Tiamana, Itari, Pāniora me ētahi atu whenua.
He hōhipera taupua kua hurihia mai i te New York Convention and Exhibition Center (Puna: Dezeen)
He hōhipera taupua kua hurihia mai i te taunga rererangi o Berlin i Tiamana (Puna: Dezeen)
Mai i ngā tēneti i te wā o te hunga haereere ki ngā whare kua oti te hanga e kitea ana i ngā wāhi katoa, ki ngā hōhipera taupua e whai wāhi nui ana ki te raruraru o te tāone i ēnei rā, he wāhi nui tō ngā whare taupua i roto i te hītori o te tangata.
Ko te mahi e whakaatu ana i te wā o te hurihanga ahumahi "London Crystal Palace" te whare rangitahi tuatahi he hiranga whakawhiti-wā. Ko te whare rangitahi nui i te World Expo he mea hanga katoa ki te maitai me te karāhe. Neke atu i te iwa marama te roa o te whakaotinga. I muri i te mutunga, ka wetewetehia, ka haria ki tētahi atu wāhi, ā, ka oti pai te whakakotahi anō.
Te Whare Karaihe o te UK (Pūtake: Baidu)
I te whakaaturanga o te ao i Ōsaka i te tau 1970, i whakaatuhia e te kaihoahoa Hapanihi a Noriaki Kurokawa ngā pouaka tapawhā ka taea te tango, te neke rānei i te anga whakarewa ripeka, he tohu tēnei i tētahi taahiraa nui ki mua i roto i te mahi hoahoa rangitahi.
Whare Takara Beautilion（Pūtake: Archdaily）
I ēnei rā, he mea nui ngā whare rangitahi ka taea te hanga tere i roto i ngā momo āhuatanga katoa, mai i ngā whare tāutanga rangitahi ki ngā atamira rangitahi, mai i ngā wāhi awhina ohorere, ngā wāhi whakaari waiata ki ngā wāhi whakaaturanga.
01 Ina pā mai he aituā, ko ngā hanganga rangitahi he piringa mō te tinana me te wairua
Kāore e taea te matapae i ngā āhuatanga kino o te taiao, ā, ka peia te tangata e aua āhuatanga. I te aroaro o ngā āhuatanga taiao me ngā āhuatanga i hangaia e te tangata, ehara te hoahoanga rangitahi i te mea ngāwari pērā i te "whakaaro nui tonu", e kitea ai te whakaaro nui o te whakarite mō te rā ua me te kawenga pāpori me te manaaki tangata kei muri i te hoahoa.
I te tīmatanga o tana mahi, i arotahi te kaihoahoa Hapanihi a Shigeru Ban ki te ako i ngā hanganga rangitahi, mā te whakamahi i ngā ngongo pepa hei hanga i ngā piringa rangitahi he pai mō te taiao, he pakari hoki. Mai i te tekau tau atu i 1990, ka kitea ana whare pepa i muri i te pakanga ā-iwi o Rwanda i Āwherika, te rū whenua o Kobe i Hapani, te rū whenua o Wenchuan i Haina, te rū whenua o Haiti, te tsunami i te raki o Hapani me ētahi atu āhuatanga kino. Haunga ngā whare noho i muri i te huringa o te āhuatanga kino, i hanga e ia ngā kura me ngā whare karakia ki te pepa, hei hanga i ngā kāinga wairua mō ngā tāngata i pāngia. I te tau 2014, i toa a Ban i te Pritzker Prize for Architecture.
Whare rangitahi i muri i te Āituā i Sri Lanka (Puna: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Te whare kura rangitahi o te Kura Tuatahi o Chengdu Hualin (Puna: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Te Hāhi Pepa o Aotearoa (Puna: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
I roto i te take o te COVID-19, i kawea mai hoki e Ban he hoahoa tino pai. Ka taea te hanga i te wāhi taratahi mā te whakakotahi i te pepa me ngā ngongo pepa hei wehe i te huaketo, me ngā āhuatanga o te iti o te utu, te ngāwari ki te hangarua me te ngāwari ki te hanga. Kua whakamahia te hua hei pokapū werohanga wā poto, hei taratahi me te piringa i Ishikawa, Nara me ētahi atu rohe i Hapani.
(Pūtake: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Haunga tōna tohungatanga ki ngā ngongo pepa, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e Ban ngā ipu kua oti te hanga hei hanga whare. I whakamahia e ia ētahi ipu hei hanga whare rangitahi mō ngā whare 188 mō ngā tāngata i pāngia e ngā tāngata Hapanihi, he whakamātautau i roto i te hanganga ipu nui. Ka whakanohoia ngā ipu ki ngā wāhi rerekē mā roto i ngā kerēne, ā, ka honoa ki ngā raka takahuri.
I runga i ēnei mahi ahumahi, ka taea te hanga tere i ngā whare rangitahi i roto i te wā poto, ā, he pai hoki te kaha ā-ru whenua.
(Pūtake: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
He maha anō hoki ngā mahi a ngā kaihoahoa Hainamana ki te hanga whare rangitahi i muri i ngā āituā.
Whai muri i te rū whenua "5.12", i hangaia e te kaihoahoa a Zhu Jingxiang tētahi kura tuatahi i roto i tētahi temepara kua pakaru o te papa tuatahi o Sichuan. Ko te kura hou he 450 mita pūrua te rahi, ko te temepara o ngā tāngata o te kāinga, ā, neke atu i te 30 ngā tūao i hanga. Ko te hanganga o te tinana matua he mea whakamahi i te keel maitai māmā, he pepa hiato kua whakakīia ki te takai, ā, he pānga ki te whakapakari i te hanganga whānui. Ka taea te tu atu ki te rū whenua 10. Ka whakamahia ngā rauemi whakamarumaru me te rokiroki wera me te hanganga maha-papa me te whakanoho tika o ngā tatau me ngā matapihi kia mahana ai te whare i te takurua, kia mātao ai i te raumati, ā, kia nui ai te māramatanga taiao. Whai muri tata i te whakamahinga o te kura, me tango te whakawhiti tereina. Mā te nekenekehanga o te hoahoa tuatahi ka taea te hanga anō i te kura ki ngā wāhi rerekē me te kore e para.
(（Pūtake: Archdaily）
Nā te kaihoahoa a Yingjun Xie i hoahoa te "Whare Mahi Tahi", e whakamahi ana i ngā rauemi katoa e wātea ana hei rauemi hanga, pērā i ngā manga, ngā kōhatu, ngā tipu, te oneone me ētahi atu rauemi o te rohe, ā, e whakarite ana i ngā tāngata whenua kia whai wāhi ki te hoahoa me te hanga, me te tumanako ka tutuki he kotahitanga o te hanganga, ngā rauemi, te wāhi, te ataahua me te ariā hoahoanga tauwhiro. He nui te mahi a tēnei momo whare "ruma mahi tahi" rangitahi i roto i te hanganga ohorere i muri i te rū whenua.
(Puna: Ngā Kaihoahoa Xie Yingying)
02 Ngā whare rangitahi, te kaha hou o te hoahoanga tauwhiro
I te tere o te whanaketanga o te hurihanga ahumahi, te hoahoanga hou me te taenga mai o te ao mōhiohio, kua hangaia ngā puranga whare tuturu nunui, utu nui hoki i roto i te wā poto, ā, he nui ngā para hangahanga kāore e taea te hangarua. Nā te nui o te moumou rauemi kua pātai te tangata i ēnei rā mō te "tūturutanga" o te hoahoanga. I kī te kaihoahoa Hapanihi a Toyo Ito me noho te hoahoanga hei mea hurihuri, hei mea tonu.
I tēnei wā, ka huraina ngā painga o ngā whare rangitahi. Kia oti te kaupapa o ngā whare rangitahi, kāore e kino ki te taiao, he mea e hangai ana ki ngā whakaritenga o te tiaki taiao me te whanaketanga tāone pumau.
I te tau 2000, i hangaia e Shigeru Ban rāua ko te kaihoahoa Tiamana, a Frei Otto, te kōpuku pepa kōpiko mō te Whare Taonga o Hapani i te Whakaaturanga o te Ao i Hannover, Tiamana, ā, i arohia e te ao katoa. Nā te āhua rangitahi o te whare taonga o te Whakaaturanga, ka whakahoroa te whare taonga o Hapani i muri i te wā whakaaturanga e rima marama te roa, ā, kua whakaarohia e te kaihoahoa te take o te hangarua rauemi i te tīmatanga o te hoahoa.
Nō reira, he mea hanga te tinana matua o te whare ki te ngongo pepa, ki te kiriata pepa me ētahi atu rauemi, e whakaiti ana i te kino ki te taiao, e whakahaere ana hoki i te hangarua.
Te Whare Tapu o Hapani i te Whakaaturanga o te Ao i Hannover, Tiamana (Puna: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
I roto i te tukanga whakamahere i tētahi kaupapa tari rangitahi hou mō te Rohe Hou o Xiongan, he rohe hou ā-motu, i whakamahia e te kaihoahoa a Cui Kai te hangarau ipu hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te hanganga "tere" me te "rangitahi". Ka taea e ia te urutau ki ngā wāhi rerekē me ngā whakaritenga o te wāhi whakamahinga hou. Mena he hiahia anō kei te heke mai, ka taea hoki te whakarerekē kia urutau ki ngā wāhi rerekē. Ina oti te mahi a te whare i tēnei wā, ka taea te wetewete noa me te hangarua, te huihui anō ki tētahi atu wāhi ka whakamahi anō.
Kaupapa Tari Wā poto o te Rohe Hou o Xiongan (pūtake: Kura Hoahoa Whare, Te Whare Wānanga o Tianjin)
Mai i te tīmatanga o te rautau 21, me te tukunga o "Agenda 21 of the Olympic Movement: Sports for Sustainable Development", kua tata haere te hononga o ngā Kēmu ...
I ngā Olympics Hotoke o Vancouver i te tau 2010, i hangaia e Cypress Mountain he maha o ngā tēneti rangitahi huri noa i te whare ratonga papa hukarere taketake; i ngā Olympics Hotoke o Sochi i te tau 2014, tae atu ki te 90% o ngā whare rangitahi i whakamahia ki ngā wāhi veneer me ngā wāhi freestyle; I ngā Olympics Hotoke o PyeongChang i te tau 2018, tata ki te 80% o te neke atu i te 20,000 mita pūrua o te wāhi o roto i te Phoenix Ski Park hei whakarite i te whakahaeretanga o te huihuinga he whare rangitahi.
I ngā Olympics Hotoke o Beijing i te tau 2022, i tū te Papa Reti Hiko o Yunding i Chongli, Zhangjiakou i ngā whakataetae e 20 i roto i ngā wāhanga e rua: te reti reti kore utu me te reti papa hukarere. E 90% o ngā whakaritenga mahi o ngā Olympics Hotoke i whakawhirinaki ki ngā whare rangitahi, me te 22,000 mita tapawha o te wāhi rangitahi, tata ki te taumata o tētahi poraka tāone iti. Ka whakaitihia e ēnei hanganga rangitahi te tapuwae tuturu i runga i te papa, ā, ka rāhuitia hoki te wāhi mō te papa reti e mahi tonu ana kia whanake me te huri.
03 Ina kore he here i roto i te hoahoanga, ka nui ake ngā mea ka taea
He poto te roa o te ora o ngā whare rangitahi, ā, he iti ake ngā here mō te wāhi me ngā rauemi, ka nui ake te wāhi hei tākaro mā ngā kaihoahoa me te tautuhi anō i te ora me te auahatanga o ngā whare.
Ko te Whare Tiriti o Serpentine i Rānana, Ingarangi, tētahi o ngā whare rangitahi tino rongonui o te ao. Mai i te tau 2000, kua tono te Whare Tiriti o Serpentine i tētahi kaihoahoa, i tētahi rōpū kaihoahoa rānei, kia hanga he whare raumati rangitahi i ia tau. Ko te kaupapa matua o te Whare Tiriti o Serpentine mō ngā kaihoahoa ko te kimi i ētahi atu huarahi ki ngā whare rangitahi.
Ko Zaha Hadid te kaihoahoa tuatahi i karangatia e te Serpentine Gallery i te tau 2000. Ko te ariā hoahoa a Zaha he whakarērea te āhua taketake o te tēneti, me te tautuhi anō i te tikanga me te mahi o te tēneti. Kua roa te Serpentine Gallery a te kaiwhakahaere e whai ana, e whai ana hoki i te "huringa me te auahatanga".
(Pūtake: Archdaily)
I oti ngātahi te whare whakaaturanga rangitahi o te Serpentine Gallery i te tau 2015 e ngā kaihoahoa Pāniora a José Selgas rāua ko Lucía Cano. He māia ngā tae o ā rāua mahi toi, ā, he rite tonu ki te tamariki, e wawahi ana i te momo āhua hoha o ngā tau o mua, ā, he maha ngā ohorere e pā ana ki te tangata. I ahu mai i te ara raro whenua kī tonu i Rānana, i hangaia e te kaihoahoa te whare whakaaturanga hei poka noke nui, hei wāhi e rongo ai te tangata i te harikoa o te tamarikitanga i a rātou e hikoi ana i roto i te hanganga kiriata kirihou mārama.
(Pūtake: Archdaily)
I roto i ngā mahi maha, he hiranga motuhake anō hoki ngā whare rangitahi. I te wā o te hakari "Burning Man" i te United States i te marama o Ākuhata 2018, i hoahoahia e te kaihoahoa a Arthur Mamou-Mani tētahi temepara ko "Galaxia" te ingoa, he mea tito mai i ngā pou rakau e 20 i roto i tētahi hanganga porowhita, pērā i te ao whānui. Whai muri i te huihuinga, ka whakahoroa ēnei whare rangitahi, pērā i ngā peita onepu o te mandala i roto i te Buddhist Tibetan, hei whakamahara i te tangata: kia maumahara ki te wā.
(Pūtake: Archdaily)
I te marama o Oketopa 2020, i waenganui o ngā tāone e toru o Beijing, Wuhan me Xiamen, i hangaia ngā whare rakau iti e toru i roto i te wā poto noa iho. Koinei te whakapāhotanga ora o te "Reader" a CCTV. I roto i te whakapāhotanga ora e toru ngā rā me ngā rā tuwhera e rua wiki i muri mai, e 672 ngā tāngata o ngā tāone e toru i tomo ki te wāhi pānui reo nui ki te kōrero. I kite ngā kāpata e toru i te wā i hiki ake ai rātou i te pukapuka me te pānui i ō rātou ngākau katoa, ā, i kite hoki i ō rātou mamae, i ō rātou harikoa, i ō rātou maia me ō rātou tumanako.
Ahakoa i raro iho i te rua marama te roa mai i te hoahoa, te hanganga, te whakamahinga tae noa ki te whakahoro, he mea tika kia āta whakaarohia e ngā kaihoahoa te hiranga tangata o tēnei whare rangitahi.
（Puna: "Kaipānui" a CCTV）
Kua kite koe i ēnei whare rangitahi e noho tahi ana te mahana, te auahatanga me te auahatanga hou, kua puta he māramatanga hou ki a koe mō te hoahoanga?
Ehara te uara o tētahi whare i te roa o tōna pupuri, engari kei te mea he āwhina, he whakahihiko rānei i te tangata. Mai i tēnei tirohanga, ko te wairua mutunga kore te mea e whakaatuhia ana e ngā whare rangitahi.
Tērā pea he tamaiti i noho marumaru i raro i tētahi whare rangitahi, ā, i kopikopiko noa i te Serpentine Gallery, ka noho ko ia te toa o te Pritzker Prize e whai ake nei.
Wā tuku: 21-04-22